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Isikhungo Sokulawula Indledlana Yezisetshenziswa Zokuhlanza Amanzi Angcolile Yasekhaya
Ukwelashwa kwendle ezindlini kubhekisela ekuphathweni kwendle ekhiqizwa empilweni yabahlali basemadolobheni, ukuze ihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokulahla futhi ingabangeli ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Ukubaluleka kokuthuthwa kwendle ekhaya kuyabonakala, okuhlobene nempilo yabantu kanye nokuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwemvelo.
Okokuqala, indle yasekhaya iqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo kanye nama-microorganisms, uma ekhishwa ngokuqondile emvelweni, kuzodala ukungcoliswa okukhulu emzimbeni wamanzi. Lezi zinto eziphilayo kanye nama-microorganisms azodla umoya-mpilo emanzini, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kwekhwalithi yamanzi futhi kuthinte ukuphila kwezilwane zasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indle yasekhaya nayo iqukethe inani elikhulu le-nitrogen, i-phosphorus nezinye izakhi, uma zikhishwa emanzini, zizoholela ekuqhumeni kwe-algae okubangela amanzi, okuthinta izinga lamanzi kanye nokulinganisela kwemvelo.
Okwesibili, indle yasekhaya nayo iqukethe izinto ezihlukahlukene eziyingozi, njengezinsimbi ezisindayo, izinto eziphilayo, izinsalela zezidakamizwa nokunye. Uma lezi zinto zikhishelwa ngokuqondile endaweni ezungezile, zizodala ukungcoliswa kwamanzi nenhlabathi, futhi zibangele ukulimala kwemvelo nempilo yabantu. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa okusebenzayo kwendle yasekhaya kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuvikela imvelo kanye nempilo yabantu
Ukwengeza, ukuhlanzwa kwendle ekhaya nakho kungathola ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza. Indle yasekhaya iqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo kanye nezakhamzimba, ezingaguqulwa zibe umanyolo we-organic kanye ne-biogas nezinye izinsiza emva kokwelashwa okufanele, ukuze kuqashelwe ukugaywa kabusha kwezinsiza kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo.
Amanzi angcolile okuphila kwansuku zonke, Eqinisweni, ingxenye encane kuphela yamanzi angcolile iye yahlanzwa, futhi iningi lawo likhishelwa emifuleni ngaphandle kokwelashwa. Kubi kakhulu emadolobheni amancane.
Indle nokunye ngokuvamile akukhishelwa ngokuqondile, kodwa kunezinyathelo zokuqoqa.
Ukwakhiwa kokungcola emanzini angcolile kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kuhlukahlukene, futhi kunzima kunoma iyiphi indlela yokwelapha ukufeza inhloso yokuhlanzeka okuphelele, futhi ngokuvamile kuthatha izindlela ezimbalwa ukwenza uhlelo lokwelapha ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokwelashwa.
Ngokweziqu ezihlukene zokwelashwa, uhlelo lokuhlanza amanzi angcolile lungahlukaniswa ngokwelashwa okuyisisekelo, ukwelashwa kwesibili kanye nokwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe.
Ukwelashwa okuyinhloko kususa kuphela okuqinile okumisiwe emanzini angcolile, ikakhulukazi ngezindlela ezingokoqobo, futhi amanzi angcolile ahlanzekile ngokuvamile awakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokulahla.
Ohlelweni lwesibili lokucubungula, ukucubungula okuyinhloko ukucutshungulwa kwangaphambili. Ukwelashwa kwesibili okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji, okungasusa kakhulu izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe emanzini angcolile, ukuze amanzi angcolile ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokukhishwa. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokwelashwa kwesibili, kusekhona inani elithile lezinto ezimisiwe, izinto eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe, i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus nezinye izakhi zokwandisa ulwelwe, futhi ziqukethe amagciwane namagciwane.
Ngakho-ke, ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezindinganiso eziphakeme zokukhipha, ezifana nokwelashwa kokugeleza okuncane, umthamo ompofu wokuhlanjululwa komfula ungabangela ukungcola, awukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokuqondile njengamanzi kampompi, amanzi ezimboni kanye nomthombo wokugcwalisa kabusha kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ukwelashwa okuphakeme wukuqhubeka nokususa ukungcola okungeke kususwe ngokwelashwa kwesibili, okufana ne-phosphorus, i-nitrogen ne-organic pollunts, ukungcola kwe-inorganic kanye namagciwane okunzima ukuwehlisa nge-biology. Ukwelashwa okuphakeme kwamanzi angcolile kuyindlela "yokwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe" eqhubeka isebenzisa indlela yamakhemikhali (i-chemical oxidation, imvula yamakhemikhali, njll.) kanye nendlela yomzimba kanye namakhemikhali (i-adsorption, ukushintshaniswa kwe-ion, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlukanisa ulwelwesi, njll.) ukuze kususwe ukungcola okuthile. ngesisekelo sokwelashwa kwesibili. Ngokusobala, ukwelapha okuphakeme kwamanzi angcolile kuyabiza, kodwa kungasebenzisa imithombo yamanzi ngokugcwele.
Indle namanzi angcolile ezimbonini akhishelwa ezikhungweni zokuhlanza indle angelashwa ngokungenabungozi kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokuhlukanisa nokuguqula.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zokukhuculula indle
Enqubo yokuhlanza indle, kufanele sisebenzise ama-ejenti alandelayo:
(1) I-oxidant: i-chlorine ewuketshezi noma i-chlorine dioxide noma i-hydrogen peroxide,
(2) I-ejenti yokukhipha amagwebu: inani lincane kakhulu;
(3) I-Flocculant: i-polyaluminium chloride noma i-anionic ne-cationic polyacrylamide, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-anionic pam noma i-cationic pam,
(4) I-ejenti yokunciphisa: i-ferrous sulfate hydrate nokunye;
(5) I-Acid-base neutralization: i-sulfuric acid, i-quicklime, i-caustic soda, njll
(6) Amakhemikhali okususwa kwe-phosphorus namanye ama-agent.
Izindlela zokuhlanza nezindlela ezijwayelekile
Indlela engokomzimba: susa izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe ezingancibiliki namafutha emanzini angcolile ngesenzo somzimba noma somshini; Ukuhlunga, imvula, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-centrifugal, ukuntanta, njll.
Indlela ye-Chemical: ukwengeza izinto zamakhemikhali, ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, ukushintsha amakhemikhali noma izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zokungcola emanzini angcolile, ukuze kuguquke esimweni samakhemikhali noma somzimba, bese sisuswa emanzini; I-neutralization, i-oxidation, ukunciphisa, ukubola, i-flocculation, imvula yamakhemikhali, njll.
Indlela yamakhemikhali aphathekayo: ukusetshenziswa kwesenzo esiphelele somzimba namakhemikhali ukuhlanza amanzi angcolile; Ukuhlubula, ukukhumula, i-adsorption, ukukhipha, ukushintshanisa i-ion, i-electrolysis, i-electrodialysis, i-dialysis ehlehlayo, njll.
Indlela yebhayoloji: ukusetshenziswa kwe-microbial metabolism, i-oxidation kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezinto ezingcolile eziphilayo emanzini angcolile zibe yizinto ezingenabungozi, eyaziwa nangokuthi indlela yokwelapha amakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, kuyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokwelapha amanzi angcolile; Udaka olucushiwe, isihlungi sebhayoloji, itafula elijikelezayo eliphilayo, ichibi le-oxidation, ukugaya kwe-anaerobic, njll.
Phakathi kwazo, indlela yokwelapha yebhayoloji yamanzi angcolile isekelwe endleleni ama-microorganisms aguqula ngayo izinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi zibe yizinto ezilula kanye nezidakamizwa ezinobuthi zibe into engeyona enobuthi ngokusebenzisa isenzo sama-enzyme. Ngokwezidingo ezihlukene ze-oxygen yama-microorganisms adlala indima enqubweni yokwelapha, ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili: igesi enhle (i-oksijini) yokwelashwa kwebhayoloji kanye nokwelashwa kwebhayoloji ye-anaerobic (oksijini). Ukwelashwa okuhle kwegesi yebhayoloji kuphambi komoya-mpilo, ngendima ye-gas capillaria enhle okufanele yenziwe. Ngemisebenzi yabo yempilo -- oxidation, ukunciphisa, synthesis nezinye izinqubo, amabhaktheriya akhipha ingxenye yento ephilayo emuncwe ibe yizinto ezingaphili (CO2, H2O, NO3-, PO43-, njll.) ukuze bathole amandla adingekayo ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni. umsebenzi, futhi uguqule enye ingxenye yento ephilayo ibe imisoco edingwa izinto eziphilayo ukuze zizenzele ukukhula nokukhiqiza kwazo. Ukwelashwa kwebhayoloji ye-Anaerobic kwenziwa lapho kungekho umoya-mpilo ngesenzo sama-anaerobic microorganisms. Lapho amabhaktheriya e-anaerobic ehlisa i-organic matter, adinga ukuthola umoya-mpilo ku-CO2, NO3-, PO43- njalo njalo ukuze alondoloze izidingo zawo ezibonakalayo zomoya-mpilo, ngakho imikhiqizo yawo yokuwohloka i-CH4, H2S, NH3 njalonjalo. Ukwelapha amanzi angcolile ngenqubo yebhayoloji, ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile kufanele kuhlaziywe kuqala. Ngokuyinhloko kunezici ezintathu: i-biodegradability, izimo ze-biotreatment, kanye nomkhawulo ovumelekile wokugxilisa ukungcola okunomphumela ovimbelayo ekusebenzeni kwe-microbial emanzini angcolile. I-Biodegradability ibhekisela ezingeni lapho, ngemisebenzi yokuphila kwezinto eziphilayo, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okungcola kungashintshwa, ngaleyo ndlela kuguqule izakhiwo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zokungcola. Ukwelashwa okuhle kwegesi yebhayoloji kubhekisela ekutheni kungenzeka ukuthi ukungcola kuguqulwe ku-CO2, i-H2O kanye nezinto zebhayoloji ngamagciwane ngama-metabolite aphakathi nendawo kanye nezinga lokuguqulwa kwalokho okungcolisayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle zegesi. Ama-microorganisms angakwazi ukubola ngokuphumelelayo ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile (izimo zokudla okunomsoco, izimo zemvelo, njll.). Ukukhetha okufanele kwezimo zokudla okunomsoco nezemvelo kungenza ukubola kwebhayoloji kuqhubeke kahle. Ngocwaningo lokucutshungulwa kwezinto eziphilayo, kungenzeka ukunquma ububanzi balezi zimo, njenge-pH, izinga lokushisa, kanye nesilinganiso sekhabhoni, i-nitrogen, ne-phosphorus.
Ocwaningweni lokugaywa kabusha kwemithombo yamanzi, abantu banaka kakhulu ukususwa kwezinto ezingcolisa izinhlayiyana ezihlukahlukene ze-nano-micron. Ukungcola kwezinhlayiyana ze-nano-micron emanzini kubhekisela ezinhlayiyeni ezinhle ezinosayizi ongaphansi kwe-1um. Ukwakheka kwawo kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwedlulele, njengamaminerali ahlukahlukene obumba acolekile, izinto eziphilayo zokwenziwa, umquba, uwoyela kanye ne-algae, njll. Njengesithwali esinamandla anamandla okukhangisa, amaminerali obumba amahle avame ukukhangisa ama-ion ensimbi anobuthi, izinto ezingcolisa imvelo, amabhaktheriya e-pathogenic. ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ebusweni. I-humus kanye nezinto ze-algae emanzini emvelo zingakha i-chlorinated hydrocarbon carcinogens nge-chlorine ohlelweni lokukhishwa kwe-chlorine ekwelapheni ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi. Ukuba khona kwalokhu kungcola kwezinhlayiyana ze-nano-micron akugcini nje ngokuba nomthelela oqondile noma ongaba yingozi empilweni yomuntu, kodwa futhi kulimaza kakhulu izimo zekhwalithi yamanzi futhi kwandisa ubunzima bokuhlanza amanzi, njengasenqubweni evamile yokwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile asemadolobheni. Ngenxa yalokho, i-floc yethangi le-sedimentation intanta ibheke phezulu futhi ithangi lokuhlunga kulula ukungena, okuholela ekwehleni kwezinga lokuchithwa kwamanzi kanye nokwenyuka kwezindleko zokusebenza. Ubuchwepheshe bendabuko bokwelapha obujwayelekile abukwazi ukususa ngempumelelo lezi zingcolisi ze-nano-micron emanzini, futhi obunye ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obuthuthukisiwe obufana nolwelwesi lwe-ultrafiltation kanye ne-osmosis ehlehlayo kunzima ukuthi busetshenziswe kabanzi ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu kanye nezindleko. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokucwaninga nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obusha, obusebenzayo nobomnotho bokuhlanza amanzi.
Imishini yokucubungula
Isistimu yokuhlanza indle yasekhaya idinga amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, okulandelayo kuyimishini yokwelapha evame ukusetshenziswa:
1. I-Grille: isetshenziselwa ukususa i-particle enkulu emanzini angcolile, njengephepha, indwangu, njll.
2. Ithangi lokuthungatha isihlabathi: lisetshenziselwa ukukhipha isihlabathi nesihlabathi nezinye izinhlayiya eziqinile emanzini angcolile.
3. Ithangi le-sedimentation: elisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa okuyisisekelo, okuqinile okumisiwe kanye nenhlabathi emisiwe emanzini angcolile kubangelwa amandla adonsela phansi.
4. Ithangi le-Air flotation: lisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa okuyisisekelo, into emisiwe emanzini angcolile intanta phezulu ngokusebenzisa amabhamuza, bese isuswa nge-scraper.
5. Isihlungi: sokwelashwa okuyisisekelo, ngokusebenzisa isihlungi ukususa izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe kanye nezinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile.
6. Ithangi lokusabela udaka elicushiwe: lisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa okuphakathi, ngokwengeza udaka olucushiwe nomoya-mpilo, ukuze ama-microorganisms akwazi ukucisha izinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile.
7. I-Anaerobic digester: isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa okuphakathi, ngokusebenzisa isenzo samagciwane ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic, i-organic matter emanzini angcolile iguqulwa ibe yi-biogas.
8. I-Biofilm reactor: isetshenziselwa ukwelashwa okuphakathi, i-organic matter emanzini angcolile yonakaliswa ngesenzo se-biofilm.
9. Isihlungi esijulile: sisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe ukuze kukhishwe ukulandelela izinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile ngokusebenzisa isihlungi semidiya 10. I-activated carbon adsorber: isetshenziselwa ukwelapha okuthuthukisiwe ukususa izinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile ngokufakwa kwekhabhoni ecushiwe.
11. I-ozone oxidation reactor: ukwelashwa okuthuthukisiwe, ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation ye-ozone ukuze kukhishwe izinto eziphilayo emanzini angcolile.
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