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Inkqubo yokucoca amanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso ye-ETP yobuGcisa beNkqubo yeTekhnoloji
Amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso abhekisa kumanzi amdaka, ugutyulo kunye nolwelo olulahlwayo oluveliswe kwinkqubo yokuveliswa kwemveliso, equlethe imathiriyeli yokuvelisa kwimizi-mveliso, iimveliso eziphakathi kunye neemveliso ezilahlekileyo ngamanzi, kunye nezinto ezingcolisayo ezenziwe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini, iintlobo kunye nobungakanani bamanzi amdaka anyuka ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ungcoliseko lwemithombo yamanzi luya lusiba lukhulu kwaye luyingozi, lusongela impilo yabantu kunye nokhuseleko. Ukukhusela imo engqongileyo, ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso kubaluleke kakhulu kunokulungiswa kogutyulo lukamasipala.
Amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso (amanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso) abandakanya amanzi amdaka emveliso, ugutyulo lwemveliso kunye namanzi okupholisa, abhekisele kumanzi amdaka kunye nolwelo olulahlwayo oluveliswe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa kwimizi-mveliso, equlathe imathiriyeli yokuvelisa kwimizi-mveliso, iimveliso eziphakathi, iimveliso eziphuma ngaphandle kunye nezingcolisi eziveliswe kwinkqubo yokuvelisa ezilahlekileyo. enamanzi. Zininzi iintlobo zamanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso anokwakheka okuntsokothileyo. Umzekelo, amanzi amdaka emveliso yetyuwa ye-electrolytic ane-mercury, amanzi amdaka anyibilikisa isinyithi esinzima aqulathe ilothe, i-cadmium kunye nezinye iintsimbi, amanzi amdaka eshishini le-electroplating aqulethe i-cyanide kunye ne-chromium kunye nezinye izinyithi ezinzima, amanzi amdaka asulungekisa i-petroleum aqulathe i-phenol, inkunkuma yokuvelisa izitshabalalisi iqulethe izitshabalalisi ezahlukeneyo kwaye njalo njalo. Ngenxa yokuba amanzi amdaka ahlala kwimizi-mveliso ahlala eneentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziyityhefu, ungcoliseko lwendalo esingqongileyo luyingozi kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu, ngoko ke kuyafuneka ukuba kuphuhliswe ukusetyenziswa okubanzi, ukuguqula umonakalo ube yinzuzo, kwaye ngokokwakheka kunye nokuxinana kwezinto ezingcolisayo kumanzi amdaka, thatha amanyathelo okucoca ahambelanayo. ukulahlwa, ngaphambi kokukhutshwa.
Ukuhlelwa kwamanzi amdaka
Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho iindlela ezintathu zokuhlelwa kwamanzi amdaka:
Eyokuqala ihlelwa ngokweempawu zeekhemikhali zezona zinto zingcolileyo eziqulethwe kumanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso. Amanzi amdaka angeyondalo ngawona aqulathe ungcoliseko lwendalo, kwaye amanzi amdaka endalo ngawona aqulathe izinto ezingcolisa izinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo, amanzi amdaka e-electroplating kunye ne-mineral processing wastewater ingamanzi amdaka angekhoyo; Amanzi asetyenzisiweyo asuka ekutyeni okanye ekulungisweni kwepetroleum ngamanzi amdaka.
Eyesibini ihlelwa ngokweemveliso kunye nezinto ezicwangcisiweyo zamashishini amashishini, njengamanzi amdaka esinyithi, amanzi amdaka enziwe ngephepha, amanzi amdaka ecoking, amanzi amdaka esinyithi, amanzi amdaka amachiza, ukuprintwa kwempahla kunye nokudaya amanzi amdaka, idayi yamanzi amdaka. , ukutshisa amanzi amdaka, amanzi asetyenzisiweyo amayeza ezinambuzane, amanzi amdaka akwisikhululo samandla, njl.
Eyesithathu ihlelwa ngokwezona nxalenye ziphambili zongcoliseko eziqulethwe kumanzi amdaka, njengamanzi amdaka aneasidi, amanzi amdaka ealkaline, amanzi amdaka ecyanogen, amanzi amdaka echromium, amanzi amdaka ecadmium, amanzi amdaka emercury, amanzi amdaka ephenol, amanzi amdaka ealdehyde, amanzi amdaka e-oyile, amanzi amdaka e-organic Amanzi amdaka e-phosphorus kunye namanzi amdaka asebenza nge-radioactive.
Iintlobo ezimbini zokuqala azibhekiseli kwizinto eziphambili zokungcola eziqulethwe kumanzi amdaka kwaye azibonakalisi ubungozi bamanzi amdaka. Indlela yokuhlelwa kwesithathu ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukubunjwa kwezinto ezingcolileyo eziphambili kumanzi amdaka, ezinokubonisa umonakalo wamanzi amdaka.
Ukongezelela, ukusuka kubunzima bokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kunye nokulimala kwamanzi amdaka, ezona zinto zingcolisa amanzi amdaka zishwankathelwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu: udidi lokuqala lubushushu benkunkuma, ikakhulu kumanzi apholileyo, amanzi okupholisa angaphinda asetyenziswe; Udidi lwesibini lungcoliseko oluqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi, izinto ezingenayo ubutyhefu obucacileyo kwaye ngokulula biodegradable, kubandakanywa biodegradable organic matter, iikhompawundi ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe njengoko bionutrient, kunye nezinto eziqinileyo imisiwe, njl. kwaye akukho lula ukuhlaziya i-biodegrade, kubandakanywa isinyithi esinzima, iikhompawundi ezinobuthi kunye ne-organic compounds ekungelula ukuba i-biodegrade.
Ngapha koko, ishishini elinye lingakhupha amanzi amaninzi amdaka endalo eyahlukileyo, kwaye amanzi amdaka elinye aya kuba nezingcolisi ezahlukeneyo kunye neziphumo ezahlukeneyo zongcoliseko. Iifektri zedayi, umzekelo, zikhupha amanzi amdaka aneasidi kunye nealkaline. Ukuprintwa kweempahla kunye nokudaya amanzi amdaka, ngenxa yeendwangu ezahlukeneyo kunye nedayi, ukungcola kunye nemiphumo yokungcola kuya kwahluka kakhulu. Namanzi amdaka asuka kwisityalo esinye semveliso anokuqulatha izinto ezingcolisayo ezininzi ngaxeshanye. Ngokomzekelo, i-distillation, i-cracking, i-coking, i-laminating kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-refinery tower oil vapor condensation yamanzi, equkethe i-phenol, ioli, i-sulfide. Kumashishini ahlukeneyo amashishini, nangona iimveliso, izinto eziluhlaza kunye neenkqubo zokucubungula zahluke ngokupheleleyo, zinokukhupha amanzi amdaka endalo efanayo. Njengezinto zokucoca ioli, izityalo zekhemikhali kunye nezityalo zegesi ye-coking, zinokuba neoli, i-phenol ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka.
Iingozi zamanzi amdaka
1. Amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso angena ngokuthe ngqo kwimijelo, emilanjeni nasemachibini ukuze angcolise amanzi angaphezulu. Ukuba ityhefu iphezulu kakhulu, iya kukhokelela ekufeni okanye nasekuphelisweni kwezityalo zasemanzini kunye nezilwanyana.
2. Amanzi amdaka akwimizi-mveliso anokungena kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba aze angcolise amanzi aphantsi komhlaba, ngaloo ndlela angcolise izityalo.
3. Ukuba abahlali abangqongileyo basebenzisa amanzi angaphezulu angcolisekileyo okanye amanzi aphantsi komhlaba njengamanzi asekhaya, oko kuya kubeka impilo yabo engozini kunye nokufa kwiimeko ezinzima.
I-4, ukungena kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso kumhlaba, kubangela ungcoliseko lomhlaba. Ichaphazela ukukhula kwe-microorganisms kwizityalo kunye nomhlaba.
5, amanye amanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso nawo anevumba elibi, ungcoliseko lomoya.
6. Izinto ezinobuthi kunye nezinto ezinobungozi kumanzi amdaka amashishini ziya kuhlala emzimbeni ngokutya kunye nokufunxwa kwezityalo, kwaye emva koko zifikelele kumzimba womntu ngekhonkco lokutya, zibangele umonakalo kumzimba womntu.
Umonakalo wamanzi amdaka emizi-mveliso kwindalo esingqongileyo mkhulu, kwaye "Isiganeko saseMinamata" kunye "nesehlo saseToyama" "kwiziganeko ezisibhozo zeengozi ezinkulu zoluntu" kwinkulungwane yama-20 zibangelwa kungcoliseko lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso.
Umgaqo wonyango
Unyango olusebenzayo lwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso kufuneka lulandele le migaqo ilandelayo:
(1) Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuguqula inkqubo yokuvelisa nokuphelisa ukuveliswa kwamanzi amdaka anetyhefu nanobungozi kwinkqubo yokuvelisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Tshintsha izinto ezinetyhefu okanye iimveliso ngezinto ezingeyotyhefu okanye iimveliso.
(2) Kwinkqubo yokuveliswa kwezinto eziyityhefu kunye neemveliso eziphakathi kunye neemveliso ezinetyhefu, iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zobuchwepheshe kunye nezixhobo ziya kwamkelwa, kwaye ukusebenza ngokungqongqo kunye nokubekwa kweliso kuya kuphunyezwa ukuphelisa ukuvuza kunye nokunciphisa ilahleko.
(3) Amanzi amdaka aqulathe izinto eziyityhefu kakhulu, ezifana nesinyithi esinzima, izinto ezinemitha, ukuxinana okuphezulu kwephenol, icyanide kunye namanye amanzi amdaka kufuneka ohlulwe kwamanye amanzi amdaka, ukuze kube lula ukucocwa nokufunyanwa kwezinto eziluncedo.
(4) Amanye amanzi amdaka anompompoza omkhulu kunye nongcoliseko olulula, njengamanzi amdaka okupholisa, akufuneki akhutshelwe kumjelo ophantsi komhlaba ohambisa amanzi amdaka, ukuze anganyusi umthwalo wamanzi amdaka asezidolophini kunye nokucoca ugutyulo. Loo manzi amdaka kufuneka aphinde asetyenziswe emva kokunyangwa ngendlela efanelekileyo kwisityalo.
(5) Amanzi amdaka endalo akhiweyo kunye neepropati ezifanayo namanzi amdaka kamasipala, afana namanzi amdaka enziwe ngamaphepha, amanzi amdaka avelisa iswekile kunye namanzi amdaka alungiswayo kokutya, anokulahlelwa kwinkqubo kamasipala yogutyulo. Izityalo ezinkulu zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kufuneka zakhiwe, kubandakanywa namachibi e-biological oxidation, iitanki zelindle, iinkqubo zokucocwa komhlaba kunye nezinye izibonelelo zonyango ezilula nezinokwenzeka ezakhiwe ngokweemeko zendawo. Xa kuthelekiswa nezityalo ezincinci zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, izityalo ezinkulu zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka azikwazi ukunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokwakhiwa kwenkunzi kunye nokusebenza, kodwa kulula nokugcina iimeko ezilungileyo zokusebenza kunye nemiphumo yonyango ngenxa yokuzinza kobuninzi bamanzi kunye nomgangatho wamanzi.
(6) Amanye amanzi amdaka anokubola, anjengamanzi amdaka anephenol kunye necyanide, anokukhutshelwa kumjelo ophantsi komhlaba ohambisa amanzi amdaka wasezidolophini ngokomgangatho ovumelekileyo wokukhutshelwa emva kokucocwa kumzi-mveliso, kunye nonyango olungakumbi lokuthotywa kwe-biooxidative ngumzi-mveliso wokucoca ilindle.
(7) Amanzi amdaka aqulathe ungcoliseko oluyityhefu ekunzima ukuwonakaliswa akufuneki akhutshelwe kumjelo ophantsi komhlaba ohambisa amanzi amdaka asezidolophini aze athuthelwe kwiindawo zokucoca ugutyulo, kodwa kufuneka acocwe ngokwahlukeneyo.
Indlela yophuhliso yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso kukuphinda kusetyenziswe amanzi amdaka kunye nongcoliseko njengezixhobo eziluncedo okanye ukuphumeza ukujikeleza okuvaliweyo.
Indlela yonyango
Iindlela eziphambili zonyango lwamanzi amdaka e-refractory aphezulu abandakanya i-chemical oxidation, i-extraction, i-adsorption, i-incineration, i-oxidation ye-catalytic, indlela ye-biochemical, njl. eyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu kunyango lwamanzi amdaka.
Kwiiprojekthi zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, iinkqubo zemveli ze-biochemical, ezifana nendlela ye-A / O, indlela ye-A2 / O okanye iinkqubo eziphuculweyo, zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Inkqubo yodaka esebenzayo kumanzi amdaka enkqubo yebhayochemicals yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo isetyenziswa ngokutyalwa kwebhayoloji yamanzi amdaka. Udaka olusebenzayo yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yonyango yebhayoloji enendawo enkulu yomphezulu othile, umsebenzi ophezulu kunye nokuhanjiswa kobunzima.
Indlela yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso:
1. I-ozone oxide:
I-Ozone ineempembelelo zokuhlanjululwa kunye ne-disinfection ngenxa yomthamo wayo oqinileyo we-oxidation, ngoko le teknoloji isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunyango lwamanzi amdaka e-xanthate. I-ozone oxidation yindlela esebenzayo yokususa i-xanthate kwisisombululo samanzi.
2. Indlela ye-Adsorption:
I-Adsorption yindlela yokucoca amanzi esebenzisa i-adsorbents ukwahlula ukungcola emanzini. Indlela ye-Adsorption isetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yobutyebi bezinto ezibonakalayo kunye nokusebenza kweendleko eziphezulu. Ii-adsorbents eziqhelekileyo zisebenza ngekhabhoni, i-zeolite, i-cinder kunye nokunye.
3. Indlela yeCatalytic oxidation:
Itekhnoloji ye-Catalytic oxidation yindlela esebenzisa i-catalysts ukukhawulezisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali phakathi kwezinto ezingcolileyo kunye ne-oxidants kumanzi amdaka kunye nokususa ukungcola emanzini. Indlela ye-Catalytic oxidation ibandakanya: indlela ye-photocatalytic oxidation, indlela ye-electrocatalytic oxidation. Le ndlela inoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kunye neziphumo eziphawulekayo. Bubuchwephesha be-oxidation obuphambili kwaye bunesiphumo esihle kakhulu kunyango lwamanzi amdaka avela kwimizi-mveliso anzima.
4. Indlela yokudibanisa kunye nemvula:
I-coagulation precipitation method yindlela eqhelekileyo yokucoca ngokunzulu ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka ngokusebenzisa i-coagulant. Kuyimfuneko ukongeza i-coagulant kunye ne-coagulant aid kumanzi ukuphazamisa izinto ze-colloidal okunzima ukuzikhupha kunye ne-polymerize kunye nomnye komnye, ukuze zihlalise kwaye zisuse. I-coagulants esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yityuwa yentsimbi, ityuwa ye-ferrous, ityuwa ye-aluminium kunye ne-polymer.
5. Indlela yebhayoloji:
Indlela yebhayoloji ngokubanzi yongeza i-microorganisms kumanzi amdaka e-xanthate, ilawula ngobuchule iimeko zesondlo ezifanelekileyo kwimveliso yayo, kwaye isebenzisa umgaqo wokuthotywa kunye ne-metabolism ye-organic matter ukunyanga amanzi amdaka e-xanthate. Iinzuzo zobugcisa zendlela yebhayoloji ziziphumo ezigqwesileyo zonyango, akukho okanye ungcoliseko oluncinci lwesibini kunye neendleko eziphantsi.
6. Indlela yeMicroelectrolysis:
Indlela ye-Micro-electrolysis kukusebenzisa inkqubo yebhetri encinci eyenziwe ngumahluko onokuthi ubekho kwindawo ukufezekisa injongo yokucoca i-electrolytic. Le ndlela ifaneleke ngakumbi kunyango lwamanzi amdaka endalo ekunzima ukuwathoba. Ineempawu zokusebenza okuphezulu, uluhlu olubanzi lwezenzo, izinga eliphezulu lokususwa kweCOD kunye nokuphuculwa kwe-biochemistry yamanzi amdaka.
Injongo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kukwahlula izinto ezingcolileyo kumanzi amdaka ngandlel’ ithile, okanye zibole zibe zizinto ezingenabungozi nezizinzileyo, ukuze amanzi amdaka acocwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuthintela usulelo lwetyhefu kunye neentsholongwane; Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa okuhlukeneyo, gwema izinto ezibonakalayo ezinamavumba ahlukeneyo kunye neemvakalelo ezingathandekiyo.
Ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kuntsonkothile kakhulu, kwaye ukhetho lwendlela yokucocwa kufuneka luqwalaselwe ngokomgangatho wamanzi kunye nobungakanani bamanzi amdaka, amanzi afunyenweyo akhutshiweyo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Kwangaxeshanye, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela unyango kunye nokusetyenziswa kodaka kunye nentsalela eveliswe kwinkqubo yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kunye nongcoliseko olunokwenzeka lwesibini, kunye nokuhlaziywa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-flocculant.
Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kuxhomekeke kubume, ukubunjwa, ubunjani kunye neemfuno zomgangatho wamanzi wokungcola kumanzi amdaka. Iindlela zokucoca amanzi amdaka ngokubanzi zinokwahlulwa ngokwendlela yendalo, indlela yemichiza kunye nendlela yebhayoloji.
Indlela yomzimba: ukusetyenziswa kwentshukumo yomzimba ukunyanga, ukwahlula kunye nokubuyisela ungcoliseko kumanzi amdaka. Umzekelo, amasuntswana amisiweyo anoxinano olungaphezulu kwe-1 emanzini asuswa ngendlela yemvula kwaye abuyiselwe kwangaxeshanye; I-Flotation (okanye i-air flotation) inokususa amaconsi eoli ye-emulsion okanye i-solids emisiwe kunye noxinano olusondeleyo kwi-1; Indlela yokucoca inokususa amasuntswana amisiweyo emanzini; Indlela yokuphuphuma komphunga isetyenziselwa ukugxila kwizinto ezingaguquguqukiyo ezinyibilikayo kumanzi amdaka.
Iindlela zemichiza: ukubuyiswa kwenkunkuma enyibilikayo okanye izinto ezixutyiweyo ngokusabela kweekhemikhali okanye izenzo zephysicochemical. Ngokomzekelo, iindlela ze-neutralization zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa amanzi amdaka okanye i-alkaline; Indlela yokukhupha isebenzisa "ukusasazwa" kwenkunkuma enyibilikayo kwizigaba ezibini kunye ne-solubility eyahlukileyo yokubuyisela i-phenols, isinyithi esinzima, njl. Indlela ye-REDOX isetyenziselwa ukususa ukungcola okucuthayo okanye i-oxidizing kumanzi amdaka kunye nokubulala ibhaktheriya ye-pathogenic kumanzi endalo yamanzi.
Indlela yebhayoloji: Ukusebenzisa intshukumo yebhayoloji yeentsholongwane ukunyanga izinto eziphilayo kumanzi amdaka. Umzekelo, ukuhluzwa kwebhayoloji kunye nodaka olusebenzayo lusetyenziselwa ukunyanga ilindle lasekhaya okanye amanzi amdaka emveliso ephilayo ukuhlambulula izinto eziphilayo ngokuguqula kwaye zithotywe zibe ziityuwa ezingaphiliyo.
Ezi ndlela zingasentla zinemida yazo yokuziqhelanisa, kufuneka zifunde omnye komnye, zincedisane, kudla ngokuba nzima ukusebenzisa indlela enokufikelela kulawulo olululo. Luhlobo luni lwendlela esetyenziselwa ukunyanga uhlobo lwamanzi amdaka, okokuqala, ngokomgangatho wamanzi kunye nobungakanani bamanzi amdaka, iimfuno zokukhutshwa kwamanzi kumanzi, ixabiso lezoqoqosho lokubuyiswa kwenkunkuma, iimpawu zeendlela zonyango, njl. emva koko ngophando kunye nophando, iimvavanyo zesayensi, kwaye ngokuhambelana nezalathi zokukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka, imeko yengingqi kunye nokwenzeka kobugcisa kwaye izimisele.
Amanyathelo okuthintela nokulawula
Ukuqinisa ulawulo lwemithombo yongcoliseko lwemizi-mveliso ukuphumeza iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lokusingqongileyo, ukomeleza ulawulo lokusingqongileyo kumashishini oshishino, ukunikela ingqalelo kulawulo longcoliseko lwamashishini amakhulu naphakathi, nokomeleza ulawulo lokusingqongileyo kumashishini amancinci naphakathi. Siza kuqhubeka nokuphumeza inkqubo yokubhengeza nokubhalisa, inkqubo yokuhlawulisa kunye nenkqubo yeemvume zokukhutshelwa kongcoliseko ngamashishini, ukomeleza ukubekwa esweni kwemithombo yongcoliseko, ukubeka emgangathweni iindawo zogutyulo, ukubeka iliso rhoqo ukusebenza kweendawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso, kunye nokuphelisa izinto eziphelelwe lixesha. amandla okuvelisa, iinkqubo kunye nezixhobo. Iiprojekthi ezintsha ziya kulawulwa ngokungqongqo kwaye zivunywe ngokuhambelana neemfuno zolawulo olupheleleyo lokukhutshelwa kongcoliseko.
Ukuphucula inkqubo yentlawulo yogutyulo kunye nokukhuthaza ukusebenza kwezibonelelo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso Yenza uhlengahlengiso olufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yentlawulo yogutyulo, ukumisela kwakhona umgaqo wentlawulo yogutyulo, indlela yokutshaja kunye nolawulo nokusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nemigaqo yokusetyenziswa, ukuseka indlela entsha yokuhlawulisa ugutyulo, ukuze inkqubo yentlawulo yogutyulo ilungele ukusebenza kwamaziko okucoca amanzi amdaka ngamashishini.
Amanyathelo obuchwephesha okuthintela nokulawula ukungcoliseka kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso
1. Ukuphuculwa kwemveliso: lungisa ukwakheka kwemveliso kunye nokwandisa ukwakheka kwefomula yemveliso;
2. Ukulawulwa komthombo wokwenziwa kwenkunkuma: amandla, imathiriyeli ekrwada kunye nokwandisa inkqubo yemveliso, inkqubo yokuguqulwa kwezixhobo kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha.
3. Ukusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma ngokubanzi: ukurisayikilishwa nokusetyenziswa kwakhona;
4. Ukuphucula ulawulo lwemveliso: inkqubo yoxanduva lwasemva, inkqubo yoqeqesho lwabasebenzi, inkqubo yovavanyo), inkqubo yokugcina (ukumiselwa kwesidanga sokwenziwa kwenkqubo -- iteknoloji yokuqhubela phambili kunye nokuphucula inkqubo -- ukucwangcisa okusemgangathweni
Ukurisayikilisha kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso
Ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kwimizi-mveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona yenye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo zokugcina amanzi, ezinokubandakanya ukupholisa, ukususwa kothuthu, ukujikeleza kwamanzi, ubushushu kunye nezinye iinkqubo. Inkqubo yamanzi okupholisa isetyenziswa ikakhulu kumjikelezo, inyathelo ngenyathelo kunye ne-cascade ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho wamanzi wenkqubo. Inkqubo ye-thermal isetyenziselwa ukubuyiswa komphunga kunye nokusetyenziswa. Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kwezinye iinkqubo ikakhulu kusetyenziselwa ukukhupha uthuthu lolwelo kunye nokususwa kwe-slag emva konyango, kwaye amanzi ahlukeneyo okuvelisa kunye nokuphila aphathwa ngakumbi njengamanzi aphendula inkqubo yokupholisa.
Uninzi lwamashishini anezityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, kodwa kuphela imveliso yamanzi amdaka kunye nemigangatho yokucocwa kogutyulo lwasekhaya emva kokukhutshwa ngokuthe ngqo, ngamashishini ambalwa kuphela anokwenza ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka aze aphinde asebenzise, kodwa izinga lokuphinda lisetyenziswe alikho phezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinkcitho enkulu yobutyebi bamanzi. Ke ngoko, ukucocwa kogutyulo lwamanzi amdaka kunye namanzi amdaka amashishini angaphinda asetyenziswe, ngakumbi kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, enesakhono esikhulu sokucofa.
Kwimveliso kunye nokusebenza kwamashishini, ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho wamanzi kwinkqubo nganye, uthotho lokusetyenziswa kwamanzi lunokuphunyezwa ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba eliphezulu, ukuze inkqubo nganye ifumane oko ikufunayo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-cascade yamanzi okuphunyeziweyo, ukuze kuncitshiswe ukurhoxiswa kwamanzi kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kogutyulo; Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucocwa kwamanzi nazo zingathathwa ngokweempawu ezahlukeneyo zamanzi amdaka kunye namanzi amdaka, anokuthi asetyenziswe kumanyathelo ahlukeneyo okuvelisa, ukuze kuncitshiswe umthamo wamanzi amatsha athathiweyo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka.
Amandla okugcina amanzi okucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwawo mkhulu. Ishishini lokuvelisa izixhobo zothutho, inokuba ngamanzi amdaka ane-oyile, amanzi amdaka e-electrophoresis, ukusika amanzi amdaka kunye nokucoca ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka, ukuphinda kusetyenziswe uhlaza, ukuphila ngezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nemveliso. Kwinkqubo yokuveliswa kwezinto eziphilayo kwishishini le-petrochemical, i-condensate yomphunga inokuphinda isetyenziswe kwaye isetyenziswe njengesongezelelo samanzi senkqubo yokujikeleza. Amanzi omthombo asetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ahlaziywa kwaye asetyenziswe njengokuzaliswa kwamanzi kwinkqubo yokujikeleza; Kwakhona kunokonyusa isixhobo sokusetyenzwa kwakhona kobunzulu bamanzi, amanzi acociweyo njengenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi; Ezinye izinto ezipholileyo kunye neendawo ezikhethekileyo zifuna inkqubo yokupholisa amanzi, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwakhona kunokuqwalaselwa. Ishishini lokuprinta i-textile kunye nokudaya lishishini loshishino elinosetyenziso olukhulu lwamanzi. Amanzi amdaka akhutshwa ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso kwinkqubo yokuvelisa anokucocwa aze aphinde asetyenziswe kule nkqubo, okanye onke amanzi amdaka anokucocwa kwindawo esembindini kwaye aphinde asetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo okanye inxalenye yawo. Ishishini lebhiya lingafaka isixhobo sokubuyisela i-condensate, ukunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo amanzi kwibhoyila; Amanzi okuhlamba iibhotile kwi-workshop ye-canning angaphinda asetyenziselwe i-alkali Ⅰ, i-alkali Ⅱ amanzi omatshini wokuhlamba iibhotile, amanzi omatshini wokuvala inzalo, izixhobo kunye nococeko lwezityalo, njl njl. Uxinzelelo, ingasetyenziselwa ukususwa kothuli lwamatye ebhoyila kunye ne-desulfurization, i-slag, ukugungxulwa kwendlu yangasese, uhlaza kunye nokugungxulwa kwentsimi embi, ukuhlamba iimoto, amanzi kwindawo yokwakha, njl.
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