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Isixhobo soLawulo lweNkqubo yeSixhobo saManzi amdaka aseKhaya
Ukucocwa kwamanzi amdaka asekhaya kubhekiselele kunyango lwelindle eliveliswe kubomi babahlali basezidolophini, ukwenzela ukuba lihlangabezane nemigangatho yokukhutshelwa kwaye lingabangeli ukungcoliseka kwendalo. Ukubaluleka kokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka asekhaya kubonakala ngokuzimeleyo, okuhambelana nempilo yabantu kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lokusingqongileyo.
Okokuqala, ukungcola kwasekhaya kuqulethe inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo kunye ne-microorganisms, ukuba ikhutshwe ngokuthe ngqo kwindalo, iya kubangela ukungcola okunzulu kumzimba wamanzi. Ezi zinto eziphilayo kunye ne-microorganisms ziya kudla i-oksijini kumzimba wamanzi, okubangela ukuhla komgangatho wamanzi kunye nokuchaphazela ukusinda kobomi basemanzini. Ukongeza, amanzi amdaka asekhaya aqulethe inani elikhulu le-nitrogen, i-phosphorus kunye nezinye izondlo, ukuba zikhutshwe emanzini, ziya kukhokelela kwi-eutrophy-ebangela i-algae blooms, echaphazela umgangatho wamanzi kunye nokulinganisela kwendalo.
Okwesibini, ugutyulo lwelindle lwasekhaya lukwaqulethe iintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziyingozi, ezinjengezinyithi ezinzima, izinto eziphilayo, iintsalela zeziyobisi njalo njalo. Ukuba ezi zinto zikhutshelwa ngokuthe ngqo kokusingqongileyo, ziya kubangela ungcoliseko kwimizimba yamanzi kunye nomhlaba, kwaye zenze umonakalo kwi-ecosystem kunye nempilo yabantu. Ngoko ke, unyango olusebenzayo lwamanzi amdaka asekhaya luyimilinganiselo ebalulekileyo yokukhusela indalo kunye nempilo yabantu
Ukongeza, ukucocwa kogutyulo lwasekhaya lunakho ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kobutyebi. Amanzi amdaka asekhaya aqulethe isixa esikhulu sezinto eziphilayo kunye nezondlo, ezinokuguqulwa zibe yi-organic fertilizer kunye ne-biogas kunye nezinye izibonelelo emva konyango olufanelekileyo, ukuze kuqatshelwe ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izixhobo kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo yendalo.
Amanzi alahlwayo obomi bemihla ngemihla, Enyanisweni, kuphela inxalenye encinci yamanzi angcolileyo aphathwe, kwaye ininzi yawo ikhutshwe ngokuthe ngqo emilanjeni ngaphandle konyango. Kubi kwizixeko ezincinci.
Ilindle kunye nokunye ngokubanzi akukhutshelwanga ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa kukho imilinganiselo yokuqokelela.
Ukubunjwa kwezinto ezingcolileyo kumanzi amdaka kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuhluke kakhulu, kwaye kunzima kuyo nayiphi na indlela yonyango ukufezekisa injongo yokucoca ngokupheleleyo, kwaye kuthatha iindlela ezininzi ukwenza inkqubo yonyango ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zonyango.
Ngokwedigri yonyango eyahlukileyo, inkqubo yokucoca amanzi amdaka inokwahlulwa ibe kunyango oluphambili, unyango lwesibini kunye nonyango oluphambili.
Unyango oluphambili lususa kuphela izinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo kumanzi amdaka, ikakhulu ngeendlela eziphathekayo, kwaye amanzi amdaka acociweyo ngokubanzi akakwazi ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokukhutshelwa.
Kwinkqubo yokucutshungulwa kwesibini, ukusetyenzwa okuphambili kukusetyenzwa kwangaphambili. Unyango oluqhelekileyo olusetyenziswayo lwesibini lunyango lwebhayoloji, olunokuthi lususe kakhulu i-colloidal kunye ne-dissolved organic matter kumanzi amdaka, ukuze amanzi amdaka ahlangabezane nemigangatho yokukhupha. Nangona kunjalo, emva konyango lwesibini, kusekho inani elithile lezinto ezimisiweyo, izinto eziphilayo ezinyibilikileyo, i-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus kunye nezinye izondlo zokwandisa i-algae, kwaye ziqulethe iintsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya.
Ngoko ke, ayinakukwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemigangatho yokukhutshelwa okuphezulu, njengonyango lokuhamba okuncinci, umthamo ompofu wokuhlanjululwa komlambo unokubangela ungcoliseko, awukwazi ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo njengamanzi etephu, amanzi amashishini kunye nomthombo wokutshaja kwakhona kwamanzi omhlaba. Unyango lwenqanaba eliphezulu kukususa ngakumbi ungcoliseko olungenakususwa lunyango lwesibini, olufana nephosphorus, initrogen kunye nezingcolisi eziphilayo, ungcoliseko lwe-inorganic kunye ne-pathogens ekunzima ukuthotywa ngayo yi-biology. Unyango oluphezulu lwamanzi amdaka luyindlela "yonyango oluphezulu" olwamkela ngakumbi indlela yeekhemikhali (ikhemikhali oxidation, imvula yeekhemikhali, njl.njl.) kunye nendlela yomzimba kunye neekhemikhali (i-adsorption, utshintshiselwano lwe-ion, itekhnoloji yokwahlula inwebu, njl. njl.) ukususa ungcoliseko oluthile. ngesiseko sonyango lwesibini. Ngokucacileyo, ukucocwa kwenqanaba eliphezulu kwamanzi amdaka kuyabiza, kodwa kunokusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo ubutyebi bamanzi.
Ugutyulo kunye namanzi amdaka avela kwimizi-mveliso akhutshelwa kwizityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka anokuphathwa ngokungenabungozi kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwahlula kunye nokuguqula ubuchwephesha.
Imigaqo esisiseko
Izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka
Kwinkqubo yokucoca ugutyulo, kufuneka sisebenzise ezi arhente zilandelayo:
(1) I-oxidant: i-chlorine engamanzi okanye i-chlorine dioxide okanye i-hydrogen peroxide,
(2) I-arhente yokukhupha ugwebu: isixa sincinane kakhulu;
(3) I-Flocculant: i-polyaluminium chloride okanye i-anionic kunye ne-cationic polyacrylamide, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-anionic pam okanye i-cationic pam,
(4) I-arhente yokunciphisa: i-ferrous sulfate hydrate kunye nokunye;
(5) I-Acid-base neutralization: i-asidi ye-sulfuric, i-quicklime, i-caustic soda, njl
(6) Iikhemikhali zokususa i-phosphorus kunye nezinye ii-agent.
Iindlela zokucoca kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo
Indlela yePhysical: susa izinto eziqinileyo ezinganyibilikiyo kunye neoyile kumanzi amdaka ngesenzo somzimba okanye ngoomatshini; Ukuhluzwa, imvula, ukwahlula phakathi kwe-centrifugal, ukudada, njl.
Indlela yeMichiza: ukongeza izinto zeekhemikhali, ngokuphendula kweekhemikhali, ukuguqula iikhemikhali okanye iipropathi ezibonakalayo zokungcola kumanzi amdaka, ukuze atshintshe kwimichiza okanye imeko yomzimba, aze asuswe emanzini; I-neutralization, i-oxidation, ukunciphisa, ukubola, i-flocculation, i-chemical precipitation, njl.
Indlela yeekhemikhali: ukusetyenziswa kwesenzo somzimba kunye neekhemikhali ezibanzi zokucoca amanzi amdaka; Ukuhluba, ukuhluba, i-adsorption, i-extraction, i-ion exchange, i-electrolysis, i-electrodialysis, i-dialysis eguquguqukayo, njl.
Indlela yebhayoloji: ukusetyenziswa kwe-microbial metabolism, i-oxidation kunye nokuthotywa kwezinto ezingcolileyo ze-organic kumanzi amdaka kwizinto ezingenabungozi, eyaziwa ngokuba yindlela yonyango lwe-biochemical, yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokunyanga amanzi amdaka; I-sludge esebenzayo, isihluzo sebhayoloji, itafile ejikelezayo ephilayo, ichibi le-oxidation, ukugaya kwe-anaerobic, njl.
Phakathi kwazo, indlela yonyango yebhayoloji yamanzi amdaka isekwe kwindlela yokuba iimicroorganisms ziguqule izinto ezintsonkothileyo zezinto eziphilayo zibe yinto elula kunye netyhefu kwizinto ezingenayo ityhefu ngokusebenzisa i-enzymes. Ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo ze-oksijini ze-microorganisms ezidlala indima kwinkqubo yonyango, unyango lwe-biological lunokwahlulwa lube ziindidi ezimbini: igesi elungileyo (i-oksijeni) unyango lwe-biological kunye ne-anaerobic (i-oksijeni) unyango lwe-biological. Unyango olulungileyo lwegesi yebhayoloji kubukho be-oksijini, ngendima ye-gas capillaria elungileyo ukuphumeza. Ngemisebenzi yabo yobomi--i-oxidation, ukunciphisa, i-synthesis kunye nezinye iinkqubo, ibhaktheriya i-oxidize inxalenye yezinto eziphilayo ezifunxayo zibe yinto elula ye-inorganic (CO2, H2O, NO3-, PO43-, njl.) ukufumana amandla afunekayo ekukhuleni kunye umsebenzi, kunye nokuguqula elinye icandelo lezinto eziphilayo zibe zizondlo ezifunwa zizidalwa ukuze zikhule ngokwazo kunye nokuzala. Unyango lwebhayoloji ye-Anaerobic lwenziwa ngokungabikho kweoksijini ngesenzo se-anaerobic microorganisms. Xa ibhaktheriya ye-anaerobic ihlazisa izinto eziphilayo, kufuneka zifumane i-oksijini kwi-CO2, NO3-, PO43- kunye nokunye ukugcina imfuno yazo ye-oksijini, ngoko ke iimveliso zabo zokunciphisa ziyi-CH4, i-H2S, i-NH3 kunye nokunye. Ukunyanga amanzi amdaka ngenkqubo yebhayoloji, ukubola kwezinto ezingcolisa indalo kumanzi amdaka kufuneka kuhlalutywe kuqala. Kukho imiba emithathu ubukhulu becala: i-biodegradability, iimeko ze-biotreatment, kunye nomda ovumelekileyo woxinaniso longcoliso olunefuthe elithintelayo kwimisebenzi ye-microbial kumanzi amdaka. I-Biodegradability ibhekiselele kwinqanaba apho, ngemisebenzi yobomi bezinto eziphilayo, ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zezinto ezingcolisayo kunokutshintshwa, ngaloo ndlela kutshintshe iikhemikhali kunye neempawu ezibonakalayo zokungcola. Ukufumana unyango olululo lwegesi yebhayoloji lubhekiselele kumathuba okuba ungcoliseko luguqulwe lube yi-CO2, i-H2O kunye nezinto zebhayoloji ngama-microorganisms ngokusebenzisa i-metabolites ephakathi kunye nezinga lokuguqulwa kwezo zinto zingcolisa phantsi kweemeko ezilungileyo zegesi. I-Microorganisms inokubola ngokufanelekileyo ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezithile (iimeko zesondlo, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, njl.). Ukhetho oluchanekileyo lwezondlo kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo kunokwenza ukubola kwebhayoloji kuqhube kakuhle. Ngokufunda ukusetyenzwa kwebhayoloji, kuyenzeka ukugqiba uluhlu lwezi meko, ezifana pH, ubushushu, kunye nomlinganiselo carbon, nitrogen, kunye phosphorus.
Kuphando lokuphinda kusetyenziswe imithombo yamanzi, abantu bahlawula ingqwalasela enkulu ekususweni kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-nano-micron ezingcolisa i-particle. Izingcolisi zeNano-micron ezisemanzini zibhekisa kumasuntswana amahle anobungakanani obungaphantsi kwe-1um. Ukubunjwa kwazo kuntsonkothe kakhulu, njengeeminerali zodongwe ezahlukahlukeneyo, izinto eziphilayo zokwenziwa, i-humus, i-oyile kunye nezinto ze-algae, njl. ezinye izinto ezingcolisa umphezulu. Izinto ze-Humus kunye ne-algae emanzini endalo zinokwenza i-chlorinated hydrocarbon carcinogens kunye neklorini kwinkqubo ye-chlorine disinfection kunyango lokucoca amanzi. Ubukho bezi ngcoliseko ze-nano-micron azinayo nje impembelelo ethe ngqo okanye enokuthi ibe yingozi kwimpilo yabantu, kodwa kwakhona yonakalisa ngokunzulu iimeko zomgangatho wamanzi kwaye kwandisa ubunzima bokucocwa kwamanzi, njengakwinkqubo yonyango eqhelekileyo yamanzi amdaka asezidolophini. Ngenxa yoko, i-floc yetanki yentlenga idada ukuya phezulu kwaye itanki yokucoca kulula ukungena, okukhokelela ekwehleni komgangatho wamanzi amdaka kunye nokunyuka kweendleko zokusebenza. Itekhnoloji yendabuko yonyango yesiqhelo ayikwazi ukususa ngokufanelekileyo ezi ngcoliseko ze-nano-micron emanzini, kwaye ezinye iitekhnoloji zonyango eziphambili ezifana ne-ultrafiltation membrane kunye ne-osmosis eguqukayo kunzima ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yotyalo-mali oluphezulu kunye neendleko. Ngoko ke, kukho imfuneko engxamisekileyo yokuphanda nokuphuhlisa iteknoloji entsha, esebenzayo kunye neyoqoqosho yokucoca amanzi.
Izixhobo zokusebenza
Inkqubo yokucoca ugutyulo lwasekhaya ifuna izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, ezi zilandelayo zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo izixhobo zonyango:
1. I-Grille: isetyenziselwa ukususa i-particle enkulu emanzini amdaka, njengephepha, ilaphu, njl.
2. Itanki yentlenga yesanti: isetyenziselwa ukususa isanti kunye nesanti kunye namanye amasuntswana aqinileyo kumanzi amdaka.
3. Itanki yentlenga: esetyenziselwa unyango lokuqala, izinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo kunye nentlenga emisiweyo kumanzi amdaka ziqhutywa ngumxhuzulane.
4. Itanki ye-Air flotation: isetyenziselwa unyango lokuqala, into emisiwe emanzini amdaka idada phezulu ngesenzo samaqamza, kwaye emva koko isuswe nge-scraper.
5. Isihluzi: kunyango lokuqala, ngokusebenzisa isihluzo esiphakathi ukususa izinto eziqinileyo kunye nezinto eziphilayo kumanzi amdaka.
6. I-activated sludge reaction tank: isetyenziselwa unyango oluphakathi, ngokongeza i-sludge esebenzayo kunye ne-oksijeni, ukwenzela ukuba i-microorganisms ikwazi ukuxinzelela izinto eziphilayo emanzini amdaka.
7. I-anaerobic digester: isetyenziselwa unyango oluphakathi, ngokusebenzisa i-microorganisms phantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic, i-organic matter emanzini amdaka iguqulwa ibe yi-biogas.
8. I-Biofilm reactor: isetyenziselwa unyango oluphakathi, i-organic matter emanzini amdaka iyancipha ngenxa yesenzo se-biofilm.
9. Isihluzi esinzulu: sisetyenziselwa unyango oluphezulu lokususa umkhondo wezinto eziphilayo kumanzi amdaka ngokusebenzisa imidiya yokucoca 10. I-carbon adsorber esebenzayo: isetyenziselwa unyango oluphezulu ukususa izinto eziphilayo kumanzi amdaka ngokufaka i-carbon activated.
11. I-ozone oxidation reactor: kunyango oluphambili, ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation ye-ozone ukususa izinto eziphilayo kumanzi amdaka.
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