0102030405
Reverse Osmosis Plant Process Equipment System Industrial Water Treatment System
Intshayelelo yeProjekthi
Umgaqo wenkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva
Kwiqondo lokushisa elithile, i-membrane ene-semi-permeable isetyenziselwa ukwahlula amanzi ahlambulukileyo kwi-saline. Amanzi amatsha aya kwi-saline nge-membrane ene-semi-permeable. Njengoko inqanaba lolwelo kwicala le-saline ye-ventricle yasekunene liyenyuka, uxinzelelo oluthile luyenziwa ukuze kuthintelwe amanzi ahlaziyekileyo asuka kwi-ventricle yasekhohlo ukuba ahambe ukuya kwicala le-saline, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukulingana kufikeleleke. Uxinzelelo lwe-equilibrium ngeli xesha lubizwa ngokuba yi-osmotic pressure yesisombululo, kwaye le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-osmosis. Ukuba uxinzelelo lwangaphandle oludlula uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lusetyenziswa kwicala le-saline ye-ventricle yasekunene, amanzi akwisisombululo setyuwa kwi-ventricle yasekunene aya kufudukela kumanzi amatsha e-ventricle yasekhohlo ngokusebenzisa inwebu evuzayo, ukuze amanzi amanzi angohlulwa kumanzi anetyuwa. Lo mcimbi uchasene nesenzeko sokungena, esibizwa ngokuba yi-reverse permeability phenomenon.
Ke, isiseko se-reverse osmosis desalination system
(1) Ukukwazi ukutyhubela inwebu ephakathi, oko kukuthi, ngokukhetha ukukhupha amanzi kodwa ungavumeli ityuwa idlule;
(2) Uxinzelelo lwangaphandle lwegumbi letyuwa likhulu kunoxinzelelo lwe-osmotic lwegumbi letyuwa kunye negumbi lamanzi ahlaziyekileyo, elibonelela ngamandla okuqhuba amanzi ukusuka kwigumbi elinetyuwa ukuya kwigumbi lamanzi acocekileyo. Uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-osmotic kwezinye izisombululo lubonisiwe kwitheyibhile engezantsi.
I-membrane egqithisekileyo engasentla esetyenziselwa ukwahlula amanzi amatsha kumanzi anetyuwa ibizwa ngokuba yireverse osmosis membrane. I-reverse osmosis inwebu yenziwe kakhulu ngezinto ezipholima. Okwangoku, i-membrane ye-osmosis ebuyela umva esetyenziswa kwizityalo zamandla obushushu ubukhulu becala yenziwe ngezinto ezinevumba elimnandi zepolyamide.
I-RO (i-Reverse Osmosis) itekhnoloji ye-osmosis ebuyela umva yi-membrane yokwahlula i-membrane kunye netekhnoloji yokucoca amandla omahluko woxinzelelo. Ubungakanani bayo bepore buncinci njenge-nanometer (1 nanometer = 10-9 yeemitha). Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo oluthile, iimolekyuli ze-H20 zinokudlula kwi-membrane ye-RO, i-salts ye-Inorganic, i-ion yensimbi enzima, i-organic matter, i-colloids, iibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo kumthombo wamanzi azikwazi ukudlula kwi-membrane ye-RO, ukuze amanzi ahlambulukileyo adlule. phakathi kunye namanzi agxininisiweyo angenako ukudlula anokwahlulwa ngokungqongqo.
Kwizicelo zamashishini, izityalo ezibuyela umva i-osmosis zisebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ukuququzelela inkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva. Iinkqubo ze-Industrial reverse osmosis ziyilelwe ukunyanga umthamo omkhulu wamanzi kwaye zisetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo kuquka ezolimo, amayeza, kunye nemveliso. Izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo ziyilelwe ngokukodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva iyasebenza kwaye iyasebenza ekuveliseni amanzi amatsha kwimithombo yamanzi anetyuwa.
Inkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva bubuchwepheshe obubalulekileyo bokukhutshwa kwetyuwa kumanzi olwandle, obunokubonelela ngamanzi amatsha kwiindawo apho amanzi anqabile okanye apho imithombo yamanzi eqhelekileyo ingcolisekile. Njengoko izixhobo ze-osmosis ezibuyela umva kunye nobuchwepheshe buhambela phambili, inkqubo ihlala isisisombululo esiphambili kunqongophalo lwamanzi kunye nemiba yomgangatho kwihlabathi liphela.
Iimpawu eziphambili ze-reverse osmosis membrane:
Ulwalathiso kunye neempawu zokwahlula ukuhlukana kwe-membrane
I-membrane ye-osmosis esebenzayo esebenzayo yi-membrane ye-asymmetric, kukho umaleko womphezulu kunye nomgangatho wenkxaso, inomkhombandlela ocacileyo kunye nokukhetha. Okubizwa ngokuba yi-directivity kukubeka umphezulu we-membrane kwi-brine yoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-desalting, uxinzelelo lwandisa ukugqithiswa kwamanzi kwi-membrane, izinga le-desalting nalo liyenyuka; Xa umaleko oxhasayo we-membrane ufakwe kwi-brine yoxinzelelo oluphezulu, izinga le-desalination liphantse libe yi-0 ngokunyuka koxinzelelo, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa kwamanzi kwanda kakhulu. Ngenxa yolu lwalathiso, alunakusetyenziselwa umva xa lusetyenziswa.
Iimpawu zokwahlula i-osmosis eguqukayo ye-ion kunye ne-organic matter emanzini ayifani, enokuthi ishwankathelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.
(1) Kulula ukwahlula i-organic matter kune-inorganic matter
(2) I-Electrolytes kulula ukuhlukana kune-non-electrolytes. I-Electrolytes eneendleko eziphezulu kulula ukuhlukana, kwaye amazinga abo okususwa ngokubanzi alandelayo. Fe3+> Ca2+> Na+ PO43-> S042-> C | - kwi-electrolyte, i-molecule enkulu, kulula ukuyisusa.
(3) Umlinganiselo wokususwa kwee-ion ze-inorganic unxulumene ne-hydrate kunye ne-radius ye-ion hydrated kwi-ion hydration state. I-radius enkulu ye-ion ye-hydrated, kulula ukuyisusa. Umyalelo wesantya sokususa umi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Mg2+, Ca2+> Li+ > Na+ > K+; F-> C|-> Br-> NO3-
(4) Imithetho yokwahlulwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezimhlophe:
I-Aldehyde > Utywala > I-amine > I-Acid, i-amine yenqanaba eliphezulu > I-amine yesibini > I-amine esisiseko, i-citric acid > i-Tartaric acid > i-Malic acid > i-Lactic acid > i-acetic acid
Inkqubela phambili yakutsha nje kunyango lwerhasi yenkunkuma imele inkqubela phambili ebonakalayo ekujonganeni nemingeni yokusingqongileyo ngelixa ikwabonelela ngamathuba kumashishini ukuba aphumelele ngendlela ezinzileyo, enobungani nokusingqongileyo. Esi sisombululo sitsha sibophelelekile ukuba sibe nefuthe elihle kwiinkalo zokunyanga i-gas yenkunkuma kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nesithembiso sokusebenza kakuhle, iindleko eziphantsi zokusebenza kunye nokungcola okwesibini.
(5) Bhinqa ii-isomers: tert- > Ezahlukileyo (iso-)> Zhong (isekhondi-)> Eyoqobo (pri-)
(6) Ukusebenza kwetyuwa yesodium yokwahlulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kulungile, ngelixa i-phenol kunye ne-phenol row organisms zibonisa ukwahlukana okubi. Xa izisombululo zamanzi ze-polar okanye ezingekho-polar, ezidityanisiweyo okanye ezingadibaniyo ze-organic solutes zihlukaniswe yi-membrane, amandla okunxibelelana phakathi kwe-solute, i-solvent kunye ne-membrane inquma ukunyanzeliswa okukhethiweyo kwe-membrane. Ezi ziphumo ziquka amandla e-electrostatic, amandla okubopha i-hydrogen bond, i-hydrophobicity kunye nokudluliselwa kwe-electron.
(7) Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-solutes ayinayo impembelelo encinci kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo okanye ukudluliselwa kweempawu zenwebu. Kuphela i-phenol okanye ezinye iikhompawundi ezinobunzima obuphantsi be-molekyuli ziya kwenza i-cellulose acetate yandise kwisisombululo samanzi. Ubukho bala macandelo ngokuqhelekileyo buya kwenza ukuhamba kwamanzi kwi-membrane kuyancipha, ngamanye amaxesha amaninzi.
(8) Isiphumo sokususa i-nitrate, i-perchlorate, i-cyanide kunye ne-thiocyanate ayilungile njenge-chloride, kwaye umphumo wokususwa kwetyuwa ye-ammonium ayilungile njengetyuwa ye-sodium.
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Ukongeza, i-reverse osmosis inwebu ye-hydrocarbons enevumba elimnandi, i-cycloalkanes, i-alkanes kunye ne-sodium chloride yokwahlukana ukuze yahluke.
(2) Impompo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu
Ekusebenzeni kwe-membrane ye-osmosis ebuyela umva, amanzi kufuneka athunyelwe kuxinzelelo oluchaziweyo ngempompo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu ukugqiba inkqubo yokukhupha ityuwa. Okwangoku, ipompo yoxinzelelo oluphezulu olusetyenziswa kwiplanti yamandla e-thermal ine-centrifugal, i-plunger kunye ne-screw kunye nezinye iifom, phakathi kwazo, i-multi-stage centrifugal pump iyona isetyenziswa kakhulu. Oku kunokufikelela ngaphezulu kwe-90% kwaye konge ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Olu hlobo lwempompo lubonakaliswa ngokusebenza okuphezulu.
(3) Reverse osmosis ontology
Umzimba we-osmosis umva yiyunithi yonyango lwamanzi edibeneyo edibanisa kwaye idibanisa amacandelo e-osmosis membrane kunye nemibhobho kwilungiselelo elithile. I-reverse osmosis inwebu enye ibizwa ngokuba yi-membrane element. Inani elizivayo lamacandelo e- reverse osmosis inwebu adityaniswe kuthotho ngokweemfuno ezithile zobugcisa kwaye adityaniswe kunye neqokobhe elilodwa le-osmosis inwebu enye ukwenza icandelo le-membrane.
1. Isiqalelo seMembrane
I-reverse osmosis membrane element Iyunithi esisiseko eyenziwe nge-reverse osmosis inwebu kunye nezinto zenkxaso ezinomsebenzi wokusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso. Okwangoku, izinto ze-coil membrane zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizityalo zamandla ezishushu.
Okwangoku, abavelisi abahlukeneyo be-membrane bavelisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-membrane kubasebenzisi abahlukeneyo boshishino. Izinto zeMembrane ezisetyenziswa kwizityalo zamandla ashushu zinokwahlulwa ngokurhabaxa: Uxinzelelo oluphantsi kunye ne-ultra-low pressure water brackish desalting reverse membrane elements; I-anti-fouling membrane element.
Iimfuno ezisisiseko zezinto ze-membrane zezi:
A. Uxinzelelo lokupakisha ifilim phezulu kangangoko.
B. Akukho lula ukugxila kwi-polarization
C. Isakhono esinamandla sokuchasa ungcoliseko
D. Kukulungele ukucoca kunye nokubuyisela i-membrane
E. Ixabiso liphantsi
2.Iqokobhe leMembrane
Isitya soxinzelelo esisetyenziselwa ukulayisha i-reverse osmosis membrane element kwisixhobo somzimba we-osmosis umva kuthiwa iqokobhe le-membrane, eyaziwa nangokuthi "isitya soxinzelelo" iyunithi yokuvelisa i-Haide yamandla, isitya ngasinye soxinzelelo simalunga neemitha ezi-7 ubude.
Iqokobhe leqokobhe lefilim lenziwe ngokubanzi ngelaphu leplastiki elomeleleyo leglasi ye-epoxy, kwaye ibrashi yangaphandle yipeyinti ye-epoxy. Kukwakho nabanye abavelisi beemveliso zeqokobhe lefilimu yensimbi engenasici. Ngenxa yokuxhathisa okuqinileyo kwe-FRP, uninzi lwezityalo zamandla ezishushu zikhetha iqokobhe lefilimu ye-FRP. Izinto eziphathekayo zenqanawa yoxinzelelo yi-FRP.
Imiba echaphazelayo yokusebenza kwenkqubo yonyango lwamanzi ebuyela umva i-osmosis:
Kwiimeko ezithile zenkqubo, ukuqukuqela kwamanzi kunye nesantya sokutsalwa kwetyuwa ziimpawu ze-osmosis eguquguqukayo, kwaye zininzi izinto ezichaphazela ukuqukuqela kwamanzi kunye nesantya se-desalting somzimba we-osmosis ebuyela umva, ngakumbi kubandakanya uxinzelelo, ubushushu, izinga lokubuyisela, ubutyuwa obunefuthe kunye nexabiso le-pH.
(1) Isiphumo soxinzelelo
Uxinzelelo lwe-inlet ye-reverse osmosis inwebu ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo i-membrane flux kunye nesantya se-dessalting ye-reverse osmosis membrane. Ukonyuka kwe-membrane flux kunobudlelwane bomgca kunye noxinzelelo lwe-inlet ye-osmosis eguqukayo. Izinga lokukhutshwa kwetyuwa emanzini linobudlelwane bomgca kunye noxinzelelo olunempembelelo, kodwa xa uxinzelelo lufikelela kwixabiso elithile, ijika lokutshintsha kweqondo lokukhupha ityuwa lithande ukuba mcaba kwaye izinga lokukhupha ityuwa alisanyuki.
(2) Ifuthe lobushushu
Izinga le-dessalting liyancipha ngokunyuka kweqondo lokushisa lokungena kwe-osmosis ebuyela umva. Nangona kunjalo, i-flux yemveliso yamanzi inyuka phantse ngokulandelelana. Isizathu esona sizathu kukuba xa iqondo lokushisa linyuka, i-viscosity yee-molecule zamanzi iyancipha kwaye amandla okusasaza anamandla, ngoko ukunyuka kwamanzi kuyanda. Ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, izinga letyuwa elidlula kwi-membrane ye-osmosis ebuyayo liya kukhawuleziswa, ngoko ke izinga le-desalination liya kuncitshiswa. Ubushushu bamanzi akrwada sisalathiso esibalulekileyo sereferensi yoyilo lwenkqubo ye-osmosis. Umzekelo, xa umzi-mveliso wamandla usenza utshintsho lobuchwephesha bobunjineli be-osmosis ebuyela umva, iqondo lobushushu lamanzi lamanzi akrwada kuyilo libalwa ngokwe-25℃, kwaye uxinzelelo olubaliweyo lokungena yi-1.6MPa. Nangona kunjalo, ubushushu bamanzi ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yi-8 ℃ kuphela, kwaye uxinzelelo lwe-inlet kufuneka lunyuswe ukuya kwi-2.0MPa ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba koyilo lwamanzi ahlambulukileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okusebenza kwenkqubo kuyanda, ubomi bendandatho yetywina yangaphakathi yecandelo le-membrane yesixhobo se-osmosis sifinyezwa, kwaye isixa sokugcinwa kwesixhobo sandiswa.
(3) Isiphumo sesiqulatho setyuwa
Uxinzelelo lwetyuwa emanzini luphawu olubalulekileyo oluchaphazela i-membrane ye-osmotic uxinzelelo, kwaye i-membrane ye-osmotic ingcinezelo iyanda ngokunyuka kwetyuwa. Ngaphantsi kwemeko yokuba uxinzelelo lwe-inlet ye-osmosis ye-reverse luhlala lungatshintshi, umxholo wetyuwa wamanzi ongenayo uyanda. Ngenxa yokuba ukonyuka koxinzelelo lwe-osmotic kunciphisa inxalenye yamandla angenayo, i-flux iyancipha kwaye izinga lokukhupha ityuwa liyehla.
(4) Impembelelo yezinga lokubuyisela
Ukunyuka kwinqanaba lokubuyisela inkqubo ye-osmosis eguqukayo kuya kukhokelela kumxholo ophezulu wetyuwa we-inlet yamanzi we-membrane element ecaleni kwendlela yokuhamba, okukhokelela ekunyukeni koxinzelelo lwe-osmotic. Oku kuya kuphelisa ifuthe lokuqhuba koxinzelelo lwamanzi okungena kwi-osmosis ebuyela umva, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe ukuguquguquka kwemveliso yamanzi. Ukunyuka komxholo wetyuwa kumanzi okungena kwi-membrane element kukhokelela ekwandeni komxholo wetyuwa kumanzi amatsha, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa izinga le-desalination. Kuyilo lwenkqubo, ubungakanani bokubuyisela umva kwenkqubo ye-osmosis ayixhomekekanga kumda woxinzelelo lwe-osmotic, kodwa ihlala ixhomekeke ekubunjweni kunye nomxholo wetyuwa kumanzi akrwada, kuba ngokuphuculwa kwezinga lokubuyisela, iityuwa ezincinci ezinyibilikayo. ezifana ne-calcium carbonate, i-calcium sulfate kunye ne-silicon iya kunyuka kwinkqubo yoxinaniso.
(5) Impembelelo yexabiso le-pH
Uluhlu lwe-pH olusebenzayo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ze-membrane zihluka kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, i-flux yamanzi kunye nesantya se-desalination ye-acetate membrane idla ngokuzinza kuluhlu lwexabiso le-pH 4-8, kwaye luchaphazeleka kakhulu kuluhlu lwexabiso le-pH elingaphantsi kwe-4 okanye ngaphezulu kwe-8. Okwangoku, ubuninzi bezinto ezininzi Izinto ze-membrane ezisetyenziselwa unyango lwamanzi amashishini zizinto ezidibeneyo, ezihambelana noluhlu olubanzi lwexabiso le-pH (ixabiso le-pH linokulawulwa kuluhlu lwe-3 ~ 10 ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo, kunye ne-membrane flux kunye nesantya se-desalination kolu luhlu luzinzileyo. .
Ukubuyisela umva indlela ye-osmosis membrane yonyango lwangaphambili:
Ukuhluzwa kwe-membrane ye-osmosis ebuyela umva yahlukile kwisihluzo sokucoca ibhedi, ibhedi yokucoca icwecwe eligcweleyo, oko kukuthi, amanzi akrwada kuwo wonke umaleko wokucoca. I-Reverse osmosis inwebu yokuhluza yindlela yokucoca i-cross-flow, oko kukuthi, inxalenye yamanzi kumanzi akrwada idlula kwi-membrane kwicala elithe nkqo kunye nenwebu. Ngeli xesha, iityuwa kunye nezingcolisi ezahlukeneyo ziyabanjwa yi-membrane, kwaye ziqhutywe yinxalenye eseleyo yamanzi akrwada aqukuqelayo ahambelana nomphezulu we-membrane, kodwa ukungcola akukwazi ukukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo. Njengoko ixesha lihamba, izingcolisi ezishiyekileyo ziya kwenza ungcoliseko lwento ye-membrane lube nzulu ngakumbi. Kwaye okukhona kuphezulu ungcoliseko lwamanzi akrwada kunye nesantya sokubuyisela, kokukhona ungcoliseko lwenwebu lukhawuleza.
1. Ulawulo lwesikali
Xa iityuwa ezinganyibilikiyo emanzini ekrwada ngokuqhubekayo zigxininiswe kwi-membrane element kwaye zigqithise umda wazo wokunyibilika, ziya kudlula kumphezulu we-osmosis inwebu eguqukayo, ebizwa ngokuba yi "scaling". Xa umthombo wamanzi unqunywe, njengoko isantya sokubuyisela inkqubo ye-osmosis inyuka, umngcipheko wokunyuka uyanda. Okwangoku, kuqhelekile ukunyusa amaxabiso okusetyenziswa kwakhona ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamanzi okanye iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo zokukhutshelwa kwamanzi amdaka. Kule meko, amanyathelo okulawula ukukala okucingayo abaluleke kakhulu. Kwinkqubo ye-osmosis ye-reverse, i-salts e-refractory eqhelekileyo yi-CaCO3, i-CaSO4 kunye ne-Si02, kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ezinokuvelisa isikali yi-CaF2, i-BaS04, i-SrS04 kunye ne-Ca3 (PO4) 2. Indlela eqhelekileyo yokuthintela isikali kukongeza inhibitor yesikali. I-scale inhibitors esetyenziswa kwiworkshop yam yiNalco PC191 kunye neYurophu kunye neMelika NP200.
2.Ukulawulwa kwe-colloidal kunye ne-slid particle contamination
I-Colloid kunye ne-particle fouling inokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwezinto ze-membrane ye-osmosis ebuyela umva, njengokunciphisa okubalulekileyo kwimveliso yamanzi amatsha, ngamanye amaxesha kunciphisa izinga le-desalination, uphawu lokuqala lwe-colloid kunye ne-particle fouling kukwanda koxinzelelo loxinzelelo phakathi kokungena kunye indawo yokuphuma yamacandelo e-osmosis membrane.
Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokugweba i-colloid yamanzi kunye namasuntswana kwi-reverse osmosis membrane element kukulinganisa ixabiso le-SDI lamanzi, ngamanye amaxesha libizwa ngokuba yi-F value (isalathisi songcoliseko), yenye yezalathisi ezibalulekileyo zokubeka iliso ekusebenzeni kwe-reverse osmosis pretreatment system. .
I-SDI (i-silt density index) lutshintsho lwesantya sokuhluza amanzi ngexesha leyunithi ukubonisa ukungcoliseka komgangatho wamanzi. Ubungakanani be-colloid kunye ne-particulate matter emanzini iya kuchaphazela ubungakanani be-SDI. Ixabiso le-SDI linokumiselwa ngesixhobo se-SDI.
3. Ukulawulwa kwe-membrane ye-microbial contamination
Iimicroorganisms ezisemanzini akrwada ikakhulu ziquka iintsholongwane, i-algae, umngundo, iintsholongwane kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo eziphezulu. Kwinkqubo ye-osmosis eguqukayo, i-microorganisms kunye nezondlo ezinyibilikayo emanzini ziya kugxininiswa ngokuqhubekayo kwaye zityetyiswe kwi-membrane element, eba yindawo efanelekileyo kunye nenkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-biofilm. Ungcoliseko lwebhayoloji lwamalungu e-membrane ye-osmosis ebuyela umva kuya kuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwenkqubo ye-osmosis ebuyela umva. Umahluko woxinzelelo phakathi kokungena kunye nokuphuma kwezinto eziguqukayo ze-osmosis zanda ngokukhawuleza, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwemveliso yamanzi kumalungu e-membrane. Ngamanye amaxesha, ungcoliseko lwebhayoloji luyakwenzeka kwicala lokuvelisa amanzi, okukhokelela ekungcolisekeni kwamanzi emveliso. Ngokomzekelo, ekugcinweni kwezixhobo ze-osmosis eziguqukayo kwezinye izityalo zamandla ashushu, i-moss eluhlaza ifumaneka kwizinto ze-membrane kunye nemibhobho yamanzi ahlambulukileyo, nto leyo iyinto yongcoliseko lwe-microbial eqhelekileyo.
Emva kokuba i-membrane element ingcoliswe yi-microorganisms kwaye ivelise i-biofilm, ukucocwa kwe-membrane element kunzima kakhulu. Ukongezelela, i-biofilms engasuswanga ngokupheleleyo iya kubangela ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwee-microorganisms kwakhona. Ke ngoko, ulawulo lwee-microorganisms lukwangomnye weyona misebenzi ibalulekileyo yonyango lwangaphambili, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zokubuyisela umva i-osmosis pretreatment kusetyenziswa amanzi olwandle, amanzi angaphezulu kunye namanzi amdaka njengemithombo yamanzi.
Iindlela eziphambili zokuthintela i-membrane microorganisms zezi: i-chlorine, i-microfiltration okanye unyango lwe-ultrafiltration, i-ozone oxidation, i-ultraviolet sterilization, ukongeza i-sodium bisulfite. Iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwinkqubo yokucoca amanzi kwiplanti yamandla ashushu yi-chlorination sterilization kunye ne-ultrafiltration yetekhnoloji yonyango lwamanzi phambi kokubuyisela umva i-osmosis.
Njenge-ejenti yokubulala inzalo, iklorini iyakwazi ukuthintela ngokukhawuleza ii-microorganisms ezininzi ze-pathogenic. Ukusebenza kweklorini kuxhomekeke ekugxininiseni kweklorini, i-pH yamanzi, kunye nexesha lokudibanisa. Kwizicelo zobunjineli, i-chlorine eseleyo emanzini ilawulwa ngokubanzi ngaphezu kwe-0.5 ~ 1.0mg, kwaye ixesha lokuphendula lilawulwa kwi-20 ~ 30min. Idosi yeklorini kufuneka igqitywe ngokulungiswa, kuba izinto eziphilayo emanzini ziya kusebenzisa iklorini. Iklorini isetyenziselwa ukuvala inzala, kwaye elona xabiso le-pH elisebenzayo yi-4 ~ 6.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-chlorination kwiinkqubo zamanzi olwandle kwahlukile kumanzi anebrackish. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho malunga ne-65mg ye-bromine emanzini olwandle. Xa amanzi olwandle ephathwa ngemichiza nge-hydrogen, iya kuqala iphendule nge-hypochlorous acid ukwenza i-hypobromous acid, ukuze isiphumo sayo se-bactericidal sibe yi-hypowet acid kune-asidi ye-hypochlorous, kwaye i-asidi ye-hypobromous ayiyi kubola kwixabiso eliphezulu le-pH. Ngoko ke, umphumo we-chlorination ungcono kunamanzi ane-brackish.
Ngenxa yokuba i-membrane element yezinto ezidibeneyo zineemfuno ezithile kwi-chlorine eshiyekileyo emanzini, kuyimfuneko ukwenza unyango lokunciphisa i-dechlorination emva kwe-chlorine sterilization.
4. Ukulawulwa kongcoliseko lwendalo
I-adsorption ye-organic matter kumphezulu we-membrane iya kubangela ukuhla kwe-membrane flux, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, iya kubangela ilahleko engenakulungiseka ye-membrane flux kwaye ichaphazele ubomi obusebenzayo be-membrane.
Kumanzi angaphezulu kwamanzi, amanzi amaninzi ayimveliso yendalo, ngokucaciswa kwe-coagulation, i-DC coagulation filtration kunye ne-activated carbon filtration inkqubo yonyango edibeneyo, inokunciphisa kakhulu i-organic matter emanzini, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamanzi e-osmosis.
5. Ulawulo lwepolarization yoxinaniso
Kwinkqubo ye-osmosis eguqukayo, ngamanye amaxesha kukho i-gradient ephezulu yoxinaniso phakathi kwamanzi agxininiswe kumphezulu we-membrane kunye namanzi anempembelelo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-concentration polarization. Xa le nto isenzeka, umaleko woxinaniso oluphezulu kunye nokuzinza okubizwa ngokuba yi "maleko abalulekileyo" kuya kwenziwa kumphezulu we-membrane, okuthintela ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kwenkqubo ye-osmosis eguqukayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-polarization yoxinaniso iya kwandisa isisombululo soxinzelelo oluvunyiweyo kumphezulu we-membrane, kwaye amandla okuqhuba inkqubo ye-osmosis eguqukayo iya kuncitshiswa, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni isivuno samanzi kunye nesantya sokukhupha ityuwa. Xa i-polarization yoxinaniso inzulu, ezinye iityuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo ziya kunyuka kwaye zikhule kumphezulu we-membrane. Ukuze ugweme i-polarization yoxinaniso, indlela esebenzayo kukwenza ukuhamba kwamanzi agxininisiweyo kuhlale kugcinwe imeko ephazamisayo, oko kukuthi, ngokunyusa izinga lokungena kwamanzi ukunyusa izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi agxininisiweyo, ukwenzela ukuba ukuxinwa kwe-micro-dissolved. ityuwa kwi-membrane surface iyancipha kwixabiso eliphantsi; Ukongeza, emva kokuba isixhobo sokunyanga i-osmosis sivaliwe, amanzi agxininisiweyo kwicala lamanzi agxininisiweyo atshintshiweyo kufuneka ahlanjwe ngexesha.
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