0102030405
Reverse Osmosis Plant Process Equipment Indasteri ea Phekolo ea Metsi
Kenyelletso ea Morero
Molao-motheo oa tsamaiso ea reverse osmosis
Mocheso o itseng oa mocheso, ho sebelisoa lesela le nang le semi-permeable ho arola metsi a hloekileng le letsoai. Metsi a hloekileng a ea saline ka lera la semi-permeable. Ha boemo ba mokelikeli bo lehlakoreng la ventricle e nepahetseng bo ntse bo phahama, ho hlahisoa khatello e itseng ho thibela metsi a hloekileng a tsoang ventricle e letšehali ho ea ka lehlakoreng la letsoai, ’me qetellong ho fihleloa tekano. Khatello ea tekano ka nako ena e bitsoa khatello ea osmotic ea tharollo, 'me ketsahalo ena e bitsoa osmosis. Haeba khatello e ka ntle e fetang khatello ea osmotic e sebelisoa lehlakoreng la letsoai la ventricle e nepahetseng, metsi a motsoako oa letsoai a ventricle e nepahetseng a tla fetela metsing a hloekileng a ventricle e letšehali ka lesela le nang le semi-permeable, e le hore metsi a hloekileng. metsi a ka arohanngoa le metsi a letsoai. Ketsahalo ena e fapane le ts'ebetso ea permeability, e bitsoang reverse permeability phenomenon.
Kahoo, motheo oa reverse osmosis desalination system ke
(1) Tsela e khethehileng ea ho phunyeletsa ha lera le ka phunyeletsang, ke hore, ka boikhethelo ho lumella metsi hore a fete empa a sa lumelle letsoai ho kena;
(2) Khatello ea kantle ea kamore ea letsoai e kholo ho feta khatello ea osmotic ea kamore ea letsoai le kamore ea metsi a hloekileng, e fanang ka matla a ho khanna metsi ho tloha kamoreng ea letsoai ho ea kamoreng ea metsi a hloekileng. Likhatello tse tloaelehileng tsa osmotic bakeng sa litharollo tse ling li bontšoa tafoleng e ka tlase.
Lera le ka holimo le nang le semi-permeable le sebelisetsoang ho arola metsi a hloekileng ho metsi a letsoai le bitsoa reverse osmosis membrane. Reverse osmosis membrane hangata e entsoe ka thepa ea polymer. Hajoale, lesela le ka morao la osmosis le sebelisoang limela tsa matla a mocheso hangata le entsoe ka thepa e nkhang hamonate ea polyamide.
RO(Reverse Osmosis) thekenoloji ea reverse osmosis ke theknoloji ea karohano ea membrane le ho hloekisa e tsamaisoang ke phapang ea khatello. Boholo ba pore ea eona e nyane joalo ka nanometer (1 nanometer = 10-9 metres). Tlas'a khatello e itseng, limolek'hule tsa H20 li ka feta ka har'a membrane ea RO, letsoai la Inorganic, li-ion tsa tšepe tse boima, lintho tse phelang, li-colloids, libaktheria, likokoana-hloko le litšila tse ling tsa metsi a mohloli li ke keng tsa feta lera la RO, e le hore metsi a hloekileng a ka feta. ho pholletsa le metsi a mangata a ke keng a feta a ka khetholloa ka ho feletseng.
Lits'ebetsong tsa indasteri, limela tsa reverse osmosis li sebelisa lisebelisoa tse khethehileng ho tsamaisa ts'ebetso ea reverse osmosis. Sistimi ea reverse osmosis ea indasteri e etselitsoe ho phekola metsi a mangata mme e sebelisoa liindastering tse fapaneng ho kenyeletsoa temo, meriana le tlhahiso. Thepa e sebelisoang litsamaisong tsena e etselitsoe ka kotloloho ho netefatsa hore ts'ebetso ea reverse osmosis e sebetsa hantle ebile e sebetsa hantle ho hlahiseng metsi a hloekileng ho tsoa mehloling ea metsi a letsoai.
Mokhoa oa reverse osmosis ke thekenoloji ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntša letsoai metsing a leoatle, e ka fanang ka metsi a hloekileng libakeng tseo metsi a haellang kapa moo mehloli ea khale ea metsi e silafetseng. Ha lisebelisoa tsa morao-rao tsa osmosis le theknoloji li ntse li tsoela pele, ts'ebetso e ntse e le tharollo ea bohlokoa khaellong ea metsi le litaba tsa boleng lefatšeng ka bophara.
Litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong tsa membrane ea reverse osmosis:
Litšobotsi tsa tataiso le karohano ea karohano ea membrane
Lera le sebetsang la reverse osmosis ke lera la asymmetric, ho na le lera le ts'ehetso, le na le tataiso e hlakileng le khetho. Ho thoeng ke directivity ke ho beha lera holim'a khatello e phahameng brine bakeng sa desalting, khatello e eketsa lera permeability metsi, desalting sekhahla e boetse e eketseha; Ha karolo e tšehetsang ea lera e kenngoa ka har'a brine ea khatello e phahameng, tekanyo ea ho ntša letsoai e batla e le 0 ka ho eketseha ha khatello, empa ho kenella ha metsi ho eketseha haholo. Ka lebaka la tataiso ena, e ke ke ea sebelisoa ka morao ha e sebelisoa.
Litšobotsi tsa karohano tsa reverse osmosis bakeng sa ion le lintho tse phelang metsing ha li tšoane, tse ka akaretsoang ka tsela e latelang.
(1) Ho bonolo ho arola lintho tse phelang ho feta lintho tse sa pheleng
(2) Li-electrolyte li bonolo ho arohana ho feta li-non-electrolyte. Li-electrolyte tse nang le litefiso tse phahameng li bonolo ho arola, 'me litefiso tsa tsona tsa ho tlosoa hangata li latela tatellano e latelang. Fe3+> Ca2+> Na+ PO43-> S042-> C | - bakeng sa electrolyte, molek'hule e kholoanyane, ho bonolo ho e tlosa.
(3) Sekhahla sa ho tlosoa ha li-ion tsa inorganic se amana le hydrate le radius ea li-ion tse nang le metsi sebakeng sa ion hydration. E kholoanyane radius ea ion ea hydrated ke, ho bonolo ho e tlosa. Taelo ea sekhahla sa ho tlosoa ke e latelang:
Mg2+, Ca2+> Li+ > Na+ > K+; F-> C|-> Br-> NO3-
(4) Melao ea karohano ea lintho tse phelang polar:
Aldehyde > Alcohol > Amine > Acid, tertiary amine > Amine ya bobedi > Amine ya motheo, citric acid > Tartaric acid > Malic acid > Lactic acid > Acetic acid
Khatelo-pele ea morao-rao ea phekolo ea khase e litšila e bontša tsoelo-pele e kholo ea ho rarolla mathata a tikoloho ha e ntse e fana ka menyetla ea hore likhoebo li atlehe ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng, o se nang tikoloho. Tharollo ena e ncha e tlamehile ho ba le phello e ntle mafapheng a phekolo ea khase e litšila le ts'ireletso ea tikoloho ka tšepiso ea eona ea katleho e phahameng, litšenyehelo tse tlaase tsa ts'ebetso le ts'ilafalo ea bobeli.
(5) Para isomers: tert- > Fapaneng (iso-)> Zhong (sec-)> Ea mantlha (pri-)
(6) Ts'ebetso ea karohano ea letsoai la sodium ea lintho tse phelang e ntle, athe phenol le phenol row tse phelang li bontša karohano e mpe. Ha litharollo tse nang le metsi a polar kapa tse seng polar, tse arohaneng kapa tse sa arohaneng li arotsoe ke lera, matla a ho sebelisana pakeng tsa solute, solvent le membrane e etsa qeto ea hore na ho na le monyetla oa ho kenella ka har'a membrane. Liphello tsena li kenyelletsa matla a electrostatic, matla a tlamang a hydrogen bond, hydrophobicity le phetisetso ea elektronike.
(7) Ka kakaretso, li-solute ha li na tšusumetso e fokolang ho thepa ea 'mele kapa thepa ea ho fetisa ea lera. Ke phenol feela kapa metsoako e meng e tlase ea boima ba limolek'hule e tla etsa hore cellulose acetate e atolohe ka tharollo e nang le metsi. Ho ba teng ha likarolo tsena ka kakaretso ho tla etsa hore phallo ea metsi ea lera e fokotsehe, ka linako tse ling e ngata haholo.
(8) Phello ea ho tlosa nitrate, perchlorate, cyanide le thiocyanate ha e ntle joaloka chloride, 'me phello ea ho tlosoa ha letsoai la ammonium ha e ntle joaloka letsoai la sodium.
(9) Boholo ba likarolo tse nang le boima ba limolek'hule tse kholo ho feta 150, ebang ke electrolyte kapa e seng electrolyte, li ka tlosoa hantle.
Ntle le moo, lera la reverse osmosis bakeng sa li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate, li-cycloalkanes, alkanes le taelo ea karohano ea sodium chloride li fapane.
(2) Pompo e phahameng ea Khatello
Ts'ebetsong ea membrane ea reverse osmosis, metsi a hloka ho romelloa khatellong e boletsoeng ka pompo ea khatello e phahameng ho phethela ts'ebetso ea ho tlosa letsoai. Hajoale, pompo ea khatello e phahameng e sebelisoang setsing sa motlakase oa mocheso o na le centrifugal, plunger le screw le mefuta e meng, eo har'a eona, pompo ea centrifugal ea mekhahlelo e mengata e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa. Sena se ka fihla ho feta 90% mme sa boloka tšebeliso ea matla. Mofuta ona oa pompo o khetholloa ka katleho e phahameng.
(3) Reverse osmosis ontology
'Mele o ka morao oa osmosis ke yuniti e kopaneng ea kalafo ea metsi e kopanyang le ho hokahanya likarolo tsa lera la osmosis le liphaephe ka tlhophiso e itseng. Lera le le leng la reverse osmosis le bitsoa membrane element. Palo ea kutlo ea likaroloana tsa membrane ea reverse osmosis e hokahane ka letoto ho latela litlhoko tse itseng tsa tekheniki mme e bokelloa ka khetla e le 'ngoe ea reverse osmosis membrane ho etsa karolo ea lera.
1. Karolo ea Membrane
Reverse osmosis membrane element Setsi sa motheo se entsoeng ka lera la reverse osmosis le lisebelisoa tsa tšehetso tse nang le ts'ebeliso ea indasteri. Hona joale, li-membrane tsa coil li sebelisoa haholo ho limela tsa matla a mocheso.
Hajoale, bahlahisi ba fapaneng ba membrane ba hlahisa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa membrane bakeng sa basebelisi ba indasteri ba fapaneng. Membrane elements e sebelisoang ka limela tsa matla a mocheso li ka aroloa ka tsela e batlang e aroloa ka: khatello e phahameng ea metsi a leoatle desalination reverse osmosis membrane elements; Khatello e tlase le khatello e tlase haholo ea metsi a brackish a tlosang letsoai reverse membrane elements; Anti-fouling membrane element.
Litlhokahalo tsa mantlha tsa likarolo tsa membrane ke:
A. Boitšoaro ba ho paka lifilimi bo phahame ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang.
B. Ha ho bonolo ho polarization ea mahloriso
C. Matla a matla a ho thibela tšilafalo
D. Ho loketse ho hloekisa le ho nkela lera sebaka
E. Theko e tlase
2.Sekhetla sa membrane
Sekepe sa khatello se sebelisetsoang ho jara karolo e ka morao ea osmosis ka sesebelisoa sa 'mele se reverse osmosis se bitsoa khetla ea membrane, e tsejoang hape e le "sejana sa khatello" ea tlhahiso ke matla a Haide, sekepe se seng le se seng sa khatello se ka bang bolelele ba limithara tse 7.
Khetla ea khetla ea filimi hangata e entsoe ka lesela la polasetiki le matlafalitsoeng la khalase ea epoxy, 'me borashe ba kantle ke pente ea epoxy. Ho boetse ho na le baetsi ba lihlahisoa tsa khetla ea filimi ea tšepe e sa hloekang. Ka lebaka la khanyetso e matla ea kutu ea FRP, limela tse ngata tsa matla a futhumatsang li khetha khetla ea filimi ea FRP. Lisebelisoa tsa sekepe sa khatello ke FRP.
Lintlha tse amang ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea reverse osmosis ea tsamaiso ea metsi:
Bakeng sa maemo a ikhethileng a sistimi, phallo ea metsi le sekhahla sa desalting ke litšoaneleho tsa membrane ea reverse osmosis, 'me ho na le lintlha tse ngata tse amang phallo ea metsi le sekhahla sa desalting ea 'mele oa reverse osmosis, haholoholo ho kenyelletsa khatello, mocheso, sekhahla sa ho fola, letsoai le matla le pH.
(1) Phello ea khatello
Khatello e kenang ea lera la reverse osmosis e ama ka kotloloho phallo ea lera le sekhahla sa ho theola letsoai la lera la reverse osmosis. Keketseho ea membrane flux e na le kamano e haufi le khatello e kenang ea reverse osmosis. Sekhahla sa desalination se na le kamano e haufi le khatello e nang le tšusumetso, empa ha khatello e fihla boleng bo itseng, phetoho ea sekhahla sa ho ntša letsoai e atisa ho ba sephara 'me sekhahla sa ho ntša letsoai ha se sa eketseha.
(2) Phello ea mocheso
Sekhahla sa desalting se fokotseha ka ho eketseha ha mocheso o kenang oa reverse osmosis. Leha ho le joalo, phallo ea metsi e ntse e eketseha ka mokhoa o itekanetseng. Lebaka le ka sehloohong ke hore ha mocheso o ntse o eketseha, viscosity ea limolek'hule tsa metsi e fokotseha 'me matla a ho jala a matla, kahoo metsi a phallang a eketseha. Ha mocheso o ntse o eketseha, lebelo la letsoai le fetang ka mokokotlong oa osmosis le tla potlakisa, kahoo sekhahla sa ho ntša letsoai se tla fokotseha. Mocheso oa metsi a tala ke index ea bohlokoa ea litšupiso bakeng sa moralo oa reverse osmosis system. Mohlala, ha polante ea motlakase e ntse e le boemong ba phetoho ea tekheniki ea reverse osmosis engineering, mocheso oa metsi oa metsi a tala moralong o baloa ho latela 25 ℃, 'me khatello e lekantsoeng ea ho kena ke 1.6MPa. Leha ho le joalo, mocheso oa metsi ts'ebetsong ea 'nete ea sistimi ke 8 ℃ feela, mme khatello ea ho kena e tlameha ho eketseha ho fihla ho 2.0MPa ho netefatsa phallo ea moralo oa metsi a hloekileng. Ka lebaka leo, tšebeliso ea matla ea ts'ebetso ea sistimi e ea eketseha, bophelo ba selikalikoe sa tiiso sa kahare sa karolo ea membrane ea sesebelisoa sa reverse osmosis bo khutsufatsoa, 'me palo ea tlhokomelo ea lisebelisoa ea eketseha.
(3) Tšusumetso ea letsoai
Letsoai la letsoai metsing ke index ea bohlokoa e amang lera la osmotic khatello, 'me lera la osmotic le eketseha ka ho eketseha ha letsoai. Tlas'a boemo ba hore khatello e kenang ea reverse osmosis e lula e sa fetohe, letsoai la metsi a kenang le eketseha. Hobane ho eketseha ha khatello ea osmotic ho fokotsa karolo ea matla a kenang, phallo ea fokotseha 'me sekhahla sa ho ntša letsoai le sona sea fokotseha.
(4) Tšusumetso ea sekhahla sa ho hlaphoheloa
Keketseho ea sekhahla sa ho hlaphoheloa ha reverse osmosis system e tla lebisa ho letsoai le phahameng la metsi a kenang a membrane element ho latela tataiso ea phallo, e leng se hlahisang keketseho ea khatello ea osmotic. Sena se tla fokotsa phello ea khatello ea metsi a kenang a reverse osmosis, ka hona ho fokotsa phallo ea tlhahiso ea metsi. Keketseho ea letsoai ka metsing a kenang ka har'a membrane e lebisa ho eketseha ha letsoai metsing a hloekileng, ka hona ho fokotsa sekhahla sa ho ntša letsoai. Moralo oa sistimi, sekhahla se phahameng sa ho hlaphoheloa ha sistimi ea reverse osmosis ha e itšetlehe ka moedi oa khatello ea osmotic, empa hangata e ipapisitse le sebopeho le boleng ba letsoai metsing a tala, hobane ka ntlafatso ea sekhahla sa ho hlaphoheloa, letsoai le qhibilihang hanyane. joalo ka calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate le silicon li tla eketseha ts'ebetsong ea mahloriso.
(5) Tšusumetso ea boleng ba pH
Boemo ba pH bo sebetsang mefuteng e fapaneng ea likarolo tsa membrane bo fapana haholo. Ka mohlala, phallo ea metsi le tekanyo ea ho ntša letsoai la membrane ea acetate e atisa ho tsitsa ka har'a mefuta e mengata ea pH ea 4-8, 'me e ameha haholo ka tekanyo ea pH ea 4 kapa e phahameng ho feta 8. Hona joale, boholo ba Lisebelisoa tsa membrane tse sebelisoang kalafong ea metsi ea indasteri ke lisebelisoa tse kopaneng, tse ikamahanyang le maemo a pharalletseng a pH (boleng ba pH bo ka laoloa ka har'a 3 ~ 10 ts'ebetsong e tsoelang pele, 'me sekhahla sa phallo le sekhahla sa desalination sebakeng sena se batla se tsitsitse. .
Mokhoa oa ho khutlisa membrane ea osmosis pele ho kalafo:
Reverse osmosis membrane filtration e fapane le filtration bethe filthara, bethe ea filthara e tletse, ke hore, metsi a tala ka har'a sekhahla sa sefe. Reverse osmosis membrane filtration ke mokhoa oa cross-flow filtration, ke hore, karolo ea metsi a metsing a tala e feta lera ka lehlakoreng le otlolohileng le lera. Ka nako ena, matsoai le litšila tse fapa-fapaneng li kenngoa ke lera, 'me li etsoa ke karolo e setseng ea metsi a tala a phallang a bapile le holim'a lera, empa litšila li ke ke tsa ntšoa ka ho feletseng. Ha nako e ntse e feta, litšila tse setseng li tla etsa hore tšilafalo ea membrane e be mpe le ho feta. 'Me ha metsi a silafatsa a ntse a phahama le lebelo la ho hlaphoheloa, ho potlakisa tšilafalo ea lera.
1. Taolo ea sekala
Ha matsoai a sa qhibilihisitsoeng ka metsing a tala a lula a tsitsitse ka har'a membrane element 'me a feta moeli oa ho qhibiliha ha bona, a tla theoha holim'a lera le ka morao la osmosis, le bitsoang "scaling". Ha mohloli oa metsi o khethiloe, ha sekhahla sa ho hlaphoheloa ha osmosis se ntse se eketseha, kotsi ea ho eketseha ea eketseha. Hajoale, ke tloaelo ho eketsa litefiso tsa ho sebelisoa hape ka lebaka la khaello ea metsi kapa litlamorao tsa tikoloho tsa phallo ea metsi a litšila. Tabeng ena, mehato e nahannoeng ea ho laola boemo ke ea bohlokoa haholo. Ts'ebetsong ea reverse osmosis, letsoai le tloaelehileng la refractory ke CaCO3, CaSO4 le Si02, 'me metsoako e meng e ka hlahisang sekala ke CaF2, BaS04, SrS04 le Ca3(PO4)2. Mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho thibela sekhahla ke ho eketsa scale inhibitor. Li-scale inhibitors tse sebelisitsoeng kopanong ea ka ke Nalco PC191 le Europe le America NP200.
2.Control OF colloidal le e tiileng particle silafatsoa
Colloid le particle fouling li ka ama ts'ebetso ea li-membrane tsa reverse osmosis, joalo ka phokotso e kholo ea phallo ea metsi a macha, ka linako tse ling hape e fokotsa sekhahla sa desalination, lets'oao la pele la colloid le ho senyeha ha likaroloana ke keketseho ea phapang ea khatello lipakeng tsa ho kenella le metsi. ho tsoa ha likarolo tsa membrane ea reverse osmosis.
Mokhoa o atileng haholo oa ho ahlola colloid ea metsi le likaroloana tsa membrane ea osmosis ke ho lekanya boleng ba metsi a SDI, ao ka linako tse ling a bitsoang F value (index ea tšilafalo), e leng e 'ngoe ea matšoao a bohlokoa a ho lekola ts'ebetso ea reverse osmosis pretreatment system. .
SDI(silt density index) ke phetoho ea lebelo la tlhoekiso ea metsi ka nako ea yuniti ho bonts'a tšilafalo ea boleng ba metsi. Palo ea colloid le particulate matter ka metsing e tla ama boholo ba SDI. Boleng ba SDI bo ka khethoa ke sesebelisoa sa SDI.
3. Ho laola ho silafala ha membrane microbial
Likokoana-hloko tse metsing a tala li kenyelletsa libaktheria, algae, li-fungus, livaerase le lintho tse ling tse phahameng. Ts'ebetsong ea reverse osmosis, likokoana-hloko le limatlafatsi tse qhibilihisitsoeng metsing li tla lula li tsepamisitsoe le ho ntlafatsoa ka har'a membrane element, e fetohang tikoloho e loketseng le mokhoa oa ho theha biofilm. Tšilafalo ea biological ea likaroloana tsa membrane ea reverse osmosis e tla ama ts'ebetso ea reverse osmosis system. Phapang ea khatello pakeng tsa ho kena le ho tsoa ha likarolo tsa reverse osmosis e eketseha ka potlako, e leng se bakang ho fokotseha ha tlhahiso ea metsi ea likaroloana tsa membrane. Ka linako tse ling, tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko e tla etsahala lehlakoreng la tlhahiso ea metsi, e leng se bakang tšilafalo ea metsi a sehlahisoa. Mohlala, ha ho hlokomeloa lisebelisoa tsa reverse osmosis lifemeng tse ling tse futhumatsang mocheso, boriba bo botala bo fumanoa linthong tsa lera le liphaephe tsa metsi a hloekileng, e leng tšilafalo e tloaelehileng ea likokoana-hloko.
Hang ha karolo ea lera e silafalitsoe ke likokoana-hloko 'me e hlahisa biofilm, ho hloekisa ha membrane element ho thata haholo. Ho phaella moo, li-biofilms tse sa tlosoeng ka ho feletseng li tla baka khōlo e potlakileng ea likokoana-hloko hape. Ka hona, taolo ea likokoana-hloko le eona ke e 'ngoe ea mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea ho phekola pele ho nako, haholo-holo bakeng sa tsamaiso ea reverse osmosis pretreatment e sebelisa metsi a leoatle, metsi a ka holimo le metsi a litšila e le mehloli ea metsi.
Mekhoa e ka sehloohong ea ho thibela likokoana-hloko tsa membrane ke: chlorine, microfiltration kapa ultrafiltration treatment, ozone oxidation, ultraviolet sterilization, ho eketsa sodium bisulfite. Mekhoa e sebelisoang hangata tsamaisong ea ho hloekisa metsi ka setsing sa motlakase ke chlorination sterilization le thekenoloji ea ultrafiltration ea ho hloekisa metsi pele ho reverse osmosis.
Joaloka moemeli ea sterilizing, chlorine e khona ho koala ka potlako likokoana-hloko tse ngata tsa pathogenic. Ho sebetsa hantle ha chlorine ho itšetlehile ka bongata ba chlorine, pH ea metsi, le nako ea ho kopana. Lits'ebetsong tsa boenjiniere, chlorine e setseng ka metsing ka kakaretso e laoloa ho feta 0.5 ~ 1.0mg, 'me nako ea ho arabela e laoloa ho 20 ~ 30min. Tekanyetso ea chlorine e lokela ho khethoa ka ho lokisa liphoso, hobane lintho tse phelang metsing le tsona li tla ja chlorine. Chlorine e sebelisoa bakeng sa ho thibela likokoana-hloko, 'me boleng ba pH bo sebetsang ka ho fetisisa ke 4 ~ 6.
Tšebeliso ea chlorination metsing a leoatle e fapane le ea metsi a letsoai. Hangata ho na le hoo e ka bang 65mg ea bromine metsing a leoatle. Ha metsi a leoatle a phekoloa ka hydrogen ka lik'hemik'hale, a tla qala ho itšoara ka acid ea hypochlorous ho etsa hypobromous acid, e le hore phello ea eona ea bactericidal e be hypowet acid ho e-na le hypochlorous acid, 'me hypobromous acid e ke ke ea bola ka boleng bo phahameng ba pH. Ka hona, phello ea chlorination e molemo ho feta metsing a brackish.
Hobane karolo ea membrane ea lintho tse kopantsoeng e na le litlhoko tse itseng ho chlorine e setseng ka metsing, hoa hlokahala ho etsa kalafo ea phokotso ea dechlorination kamora ho hloekisoa ha chlorine.
4. Taolo ea tšilafalo ea lintho tse phelang
Phatlalatso ea lintho tse phelang holim'a membrane e tla baka ho fokotseha ha lera, 'me maemong a matla, e tla baka tahlehelo e ke keng ea qojoa ea lera le ho ama bophelo bo sebetsang ba lera.
Bakeng sa metsi a holim'a metsi, boholo ba metsi ke lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho, ka ho hlakisoa ha coagulation, DC coagulation filtration le activated carbon filtration e kopantseng ts'ebetso ea kalafo, e ka fokotsa haholo lintho tse phelang metsing, ho fihlela litlhoko tsa metsi a reverse osmosis.
5. Taolo ea polarization ea maikutlo
Ts'ebetsong ea reverse osmosis, ka linako tse ling ho na le "concentration gradient" lipakeng tsa metsi a kopaneng holim'a lera le metsi a nang le tšusumetso, a bitsoang concentration polarization. Ha ketsahalo ena e etsahala, ho tla thehoa lera la mahloriso a batlang a phahame le a batlang a tsitsitse seo ho thoeng ke "lera e mahlonoko" holim'a lera, e sitisang ts'ebetsong e sebetsang ea ts'ebetso ea reverse osmosis. Sena se bakoa ke hore polarization ea mahloriso e tla eketsa tharollo ea khatello holim'a membrane, 'me matla a ts'ebetso ea reverse osmosis a tla fokotseha, e leng se tla fella ka phokotso ea tlhahiso ea metsi le sekhahla sa ho ntša letsoai. Ha polarization ea mahloriso e tebile, matsoai a mang a qhibilihileng a tla theoha 'me a be holim'a lera. E le ho qoba polarization ea mahloriso, mokhoa o atlehang ke ho etsa hore phallo ea metsi a koaletsoeng e lule e boloka boemo ba moferefere, ke hore, ka ho eketsa sekhahla sa phallo ea phallo ho eketsa lebelo la phallo ea metsi a koaletsoeng, e le hore mahloriso a micro-dissolved. letsoai holim'a lera le fokotsehile ho ea boleng bo tlaase ka ho fetisisa; Ho phaella moo, ka mor'a hore mochine oa ho hloekisa metsi oa reverse osmosis o koaloe, metsi a mangata a ka lehlakoreng la metsi a tsitsitseng a nkeloang sebaka a lokela ho hlatsuoa ka nako.
tlhaloso2