0102030405
Reverse Osmosis Plant Process Equipment Industrial Water Treatment System
Chiyambi cha Ntchito
Mfundo ya reverse osmosis system
Pa kutentha kwina, kansalu kakang'ono kakang'ono kakang'ono kamene kamatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa madzi abwino ndi mchere. Madzi atsopanowa amapita ku saline kudzera mu nembanemba yotha kutha. Pamene mulingo wamadzimadzi womwe uli mbali ya saline wa ventricle yakumanja ukukwera, kuthamanga kwina kumapangidwa kuti madzi abwino ochokera kumanzere asasunthike kupita ku mbali ya saline, ndipo pamapeto pake kukwanira kumafikira. Kupanikizika kofanana panthawiyi kumatchedwa kupanikizika kwa osmotic yankho, ndipo chodabwitsachi chimatchedwa osmosis. Ngati mphamvu yakunja yoposa mphamvu ya osmotic ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kumbali ya saline ya ventricle yolondola, madzi omwe ali mumchere wa ventricle yoyenera amasunthira kumadzi atsopano a ventricle yakumanzere kudzera mu nembanemba yodutsamo, kotero kuti madzi atsopano. madzi akhoza kulekanitsidwa ndi madzi amchere. Chodabwitsa ichi ndi chosiyana ndi chodabwitsa cha permeability, chotchedwa reverse permeability phenomenon.
Chifukwa chake, maziko a reverse osmosis desalination system ndi
(1) Kuthekera kosankha kwa nembanemba yotha kulowa mkati, ndiko kuti, kulola madzi kulowa koma osalola mchere;
(2) Kuthamanga kwa kunja kwa chipinda cha saline ndi kwakukulu kuposa mphamvu ya osmotic ya chipinda cha saline ndi chipinda cha madzi abwino, chomwe chimapereka mphamvu yoyendetsera madzi kuchoka ku chipinda cha saline kupita ku chipinda cha madzi abwino. Kupanikizika kwa osmotic kwa mayankho ena akuwonetsedwa mu tebulo ili m'munsimu.
Nembanemba yomwe ili pamwambapa yomwe imagwira ntchito polekanitsa madzi abwino ndi amchere imatchedwa reverse osmosis membrane. Reverse osmosis membrane nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi zinthu za polima. Pakalipano, nembanemba ya reverse osmosis yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale amagetsi otenthetsera nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ndi zinthu zonunkhira za polyamide.
RO (Reverse Osmosis) ukadaulo wa reverse osmosis ndi ukadaulo wolekanitsa wa membrane ndi kusefera womwe umayendetsedwa ndi kusiyana kwamphamvu. Kukula kwake kwa pore ndikocheperako ngati nanometer (1 nanometer = 10-9 mita). Pansi pa kukakamizidwa kwina, mamolekyu a H20 amatha kudutsa nembanemba ya RO, mchere wa inorganic, ayoni azitsulo zolemera, ma organic matter, colloids, mabakiteriya, ma virus ndi zonyansa zina m'madzi a gwero sangathe kudutsa nembanemba ya RO, kotero kuti madzi oyera omwe amatha kudutsa. kupyola ndi madzi oundana omwe sangadutse amatha kusiyanitsa.
M'mafakitale, mbewu za reverse osmosis zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera kuti zithandizire kusinthika kwa osmosis. Industrial reverse osmosis machitidwe adapangidwa kuti azisamalira madzi ambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana kuphatikiza ulimi, mankhwala, ndi kupanga. Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makinawa zidapangidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti njira ya reverse osmosis ndiyothandiza komanso yothandiza popanga madzi abwino kuchokera kumadzi amchere.
Njira ya reverse osmosis ndi ukadaulo wofunikira pakuchotsa mchere m'madzi a m'nyanja, yomwe imatha kupereka madzi abwino kumadera komwe madzi ndi osowa kapena komwe magwero amadzi achikhalidwe ali oipitsidwa. Monga zida zosinthira za osmosis ndiukadaulo zikupita patsogolo, njirayi ikadali yankho lofunikira pakusowa kwa madzi komanso zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Makhalidwe Akuluakulu a nembanemba ya reverse osmosis:
Makhalidwe a mayendedwe ndi kulekanitsa kwa kupatukana kwa membrane
Othandiza n'zosiyana osmosis nembanemba ndi asymmetric nembanemba, pali pamwamba wosanjikiza ndi thandizo wosanjikiza, izo n'zoonekeratu malangizo ndi selectivity. Otchedwa directivity ndi kuika nembanemba padziko mkulu kuthamanga brine kwa desalting, mavuto kumawonjezera nembanemba madzi permeability, desalting mlingo komanso kumawonjezera; Pamene gawo lothandizira la nembanemba liyikidwa mu brine yothamanga kwambiri, kutsekemera kwa mchere kumakhala pafupifupi 0 ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuthamanga, koma madzi otsekemera amawonjezeka kwambiri. Chifukwa cha mayendedwe awa, sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerera kumbuyo akagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Makhalidwe olekanitsa a reverse osmosis a ayoni ndi zinthu zachilengedwe m'madzi sizofanana, zomwe zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere.
(1) Zinthu zamoyo n’zosavuta kuzilekanitsa kusiyana ndi zimene zili m’chilengedwe
(2) Electrolytes ndi osavuta kupatukana kuposa ma electrolytes. Ma Electrolyte okhala ndi ndalama zambiri ndi osavuta kuwalekanitsa, ndipo mitengo yawo yochotsa nthawi zambiri imakhala motere. Fe3+> Ca2+> Na+ PO43-> S042-> C | - kwa electrolyte, molekyulu yayikulu, ndiyosavuta kuchotsa.
(3) Mlingo wochotsa ma ion organic umagwirizana ndi hydrate ndi radius ya hydrated ion mu ion hydration state. Kukula kwa radius ya hydrated ion ndikosavuta kuchotsedwa. Dongosolo lochotsa mtengo ndi motere:
Mg2+, Ca2+> Li+ > Na+ > K+; F-> C|-> Br-> NO3-
(4) Malamulo olekanitsa a zinthu za polar organic:
Aldehyde > Mowa > Amine > Acid, tertiary amine > Amine wachiwiri > Amine primary, citric acid > Tartaric acid > Malic acid > Lactic acid > Acetic acid
Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa pakuwongolera gasi wonyansa kukuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakuthana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe komanso kumapereka mwayi kwa mabizinesi kuti azichita bwino m'njira yokhazikika komanso yosawononga chilengedwe. Yankho latsopanoli liyenera kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pazamankhwala otayira gasi komanso kuteteza chilengedwe ndi lonjezo lake lakuchita bwino kwambiri, zotsika mtengo zogwirira ntchito komanso kuyipitsa kwachiwiri kwa zero.
(5) Ma isomers awiri: tert- > Zosiyana (iso-)> Zhong (sec-)> Zoyambirira (pri-)
(6) Kusiyanitsa kwa mchere wa sodium wa zinthu zamoyo ndi zabwino, pamene phenol ndi phenol mzere zamoyo zimasonyeza kupatukana koipa. Pamene mayankho amadzimadzi a polar kapena osakhala polar, olekanitsidwa kapena osagwirizana ndi organic solutes amasiyanitsidwa ndi nembanemba, mphamvu yolumikizirana pakati pa solute, zosungunulira ndi nembanemba zimatsimikizira kusankhidwa kwa nembanemba. Zotsatirazi zikuphatikiza mphamvu ya electrostatic, mphamvu ya hydrogen bond binding, hydrophobicity ndi electron transfer.
(7) Nthawi zambiri, ma solutes alibe mphamvu pang'ono pazinthu zakuthupi kapena kusamutsa kwa nembanemba. Phenol yokha kapena ena otsika maselo kulemera organic mankhwala angapangitse mapadi acetate kukula mu amadzimadzi njira. Kukhalapo kwa zigawozi kumapangitsa kuti kutuluka kwa madzi kwa nembanemba kuchepe, nthawi zina kwambiri.
(8) Kuchotsa zotsatira za nitrate, perchlorate, cyanide ndi thiocyanate sizofanana ndi chloride, ndipo kuchotsedwa kwa ammonium mchere sikuli bwino ngati mchere wa sodium.
(9) Zambiri mwazinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mamolekyu ochuluka kuposa 150, kaya electrolyte kapena osakhala electrolyte, akhoza kuchotsedwa bwino.
Komanso, n'zosiyana osmosis nembanemba kwa onunkhira hydrocarbons, cycloalkanes, alkanes ndi sodium kolorayidi kulekana dongosolo ndi osiyana.
(2) Pampu yothamanga kwambiri
Pogwiritsa ntchito nembanemba ya reverse osmosis, madzi amayenera kutumizidwa ku mphamvu yomwe yatchulidwa ndi pampu yothamanga kwambiri kuti amalize ntchito yochotsa mchere. Pakalipano, pampu yothamanga kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi otentha imakhala ndi centrifugal, plunger ndi screw ndi mitundu ina, yomwe imakhala yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri papampu ya centrifugal. Izi zitha kufika kupitilira 90% ndikupulumutsa mphamvu zamagetsi. Pampu yamtunduwu imadziwika ndi mphamvu zambiri.
(3) Reverse Osmosis ontology
The reverse osmosis thupi ndi ophatikizana madzi mankhwala unit amene amaphatikiza ndi kulumikiza reverse osmosis nembanemba wa zigawo ndi mapaipi mu dongosolo lina. Nembanemba imodzi ya reverse osmosis imatchedwa membrane element. Nambala yozindikira ya reverse osmosis nembanemba imalumikizidwa motsatizana malinga ndi zofunikira zina zaukadaulo ndikusonkhanitsidwa ndi chipolopolo chimodzi cha reverse osmosis nembanemba kuti apange gawo la nembanemba.
1. Chigawo cha membrane
Reverse osmosis membrane element Chigawo choyambirira chopangidwa ndi nembanemba ya reverse osmosis ndi zinthu zothandizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale. Pakadali pano, zinthu za membrane za coil zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazomera zamagetsi zamagetsi.
Pakadali pano, opanga ma membrane osiyanasiyana amatulutsa zida za membrane za ogwiritsa ntchito osiyanasiyana. Zinthu zama membrane zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale otenthetsera zimatha kugawidwa motere: kuthamanga kwamadzi a m'nyanja amadzimadzi amadzimadzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi osinthika a osmosis nembanemba; Kuthamanga kocheperako komanso kutsika kwambiri kwamadzi amchere amchere omwe amachotsa ma membrane am'mbuyo; Anti-fouling membrane element.
Zofunikira zazikulu za membrane ndi:
A. Kachulukidwe wamakanema olongedza kwambiri momwe angathere.
B. Sizophweka ndende polarization
C. Mphamvu zolimbana ndi kuwononga chilengedwe
D. Ndi yabwino kuyeretsa ndi kusintha nembanemba
E. Mtengo wake ndi wotsika mtengo
2.Chipolopolo cha membrane
Chotengera choponderezedwa chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula chinthu cha reverse osmosis membrane mu chipangizo cham'mbuyo cha osmosis chimatchedwa chipolopolo cha membrane, chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti "chotengera chopondera" ndi mphamvu ya Haide, chotengera chilichonse chimakhala chautali wa 7 metres.
Chigoba cha chipolopolo cha filimuyo nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi nsalu ya pulasitiki ya epoxy galasi, ndipo burashi yakunja ndi utoto wa epoxy. Palinso ena opanga mankhwala kwa zosapanga dzimbiri filimu chipolopolo. Chifukwa cha kukana kwamphamvu kwa dzimbiri kwa FRP, zomera zambiri zotentha zimasankha chipolopolo cha filimu ya FRP. Zida za chotengera chokakamiza ndi FRP.
Zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi reverse osmosis water treatment system performance:
Pazinthu zinazake zadongosolo, kuthamanga kwamadzi ndi kuchuluka kwa desalting ndi mawonekedwe a nembanemba ya reverse osmosis, ndipo pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhudza kuthamanga kwamadzi komanso kutsika kwamadzi kwa reverse osmosis thupi, makamaka kuphatikiza kupanikizika, kutentha, kuchira, kuchuluka kwa mchere komanso pH mtengo.
(1) Kupanikizika
Kuthamanga kwa inlet kwa nembanemba ya reverse osmosis kumakhudza mwachindunji kutuluka kwa nembanemba ndi kuchuluka kwa desalting kwa nembanemba ya reverse osmosis. Kuwonjezeka kwa membrane flux kumakhala ndi ubale wofananira ndi kulowetsedwa kwa reverse osmosis. The desalination mlingo ali liniya ubale ndi chikoka kuthamanga, koma kukanikiza kufika pa mtengo wina, kusintha pamapindikira kwa mlingo desalination amakhala lathyathyathya ndipo mlingo desalination si ukuwonjezeka.
(2) Kutentha kwamphamvu
Kuchuluka kwa desalting kumachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa kulowa kwa reverse osmosis. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa zokolola zamadzi kumawonjezeka pafupifupi mzere. Chifukwa chachikulu ndi chakuti pamene kutentha kumawonjezeka, kukhuthala kwa mamolekyu amadzi kumachepa ndipo mphamvu ya kufalikira imakhala yamphamvu, kotero kuti madzi akuwonjezeka. Ndi kuchuluka kwa kutentha, kuchuluka kwa mchere womwe umadutsa mu nembanemba ya reverse osmosis kumachulukitsidwa, motero kuchuluka kwa mchere kumachepetsedwa. Kutentha kwa madzi aiwisi ndi index yofunikira pamapangidwe a reverse osmosis system. Mwachitsanzo, makina opangira magetsi akamasinthidwa ndiukadaulo wa reverse osmosis engineering, kutentha kwa madzi amadzi owiritsa pamapangidwewo kumawerengedwa molingana ndi 25 ℃, ndipo mphamvu yowerengera yolowera ndi 1.6MPa. Komabe, kutentha kwa madzi mu ntchito yeniyeni ya dongosololi ndi 8 ℃ yokha, ndipo kuthamanga kwa malowa kuyenera kuwonjezeka kufika ku 2.0MPa kuonetsetsa kuti madzi abwino akuyenda bwino. Zotsatira zake, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi kumachulukirachulukira, moyo wa mphete yosindikizira yamkati mwa gawo la chipangizo cha reverse osmosis umafupikitsidwa, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zidazo.
(3) Zotsatira za mchere
Kuchuluka kwa mchere m'madzi ndi chizindikiro chofunikira chomwe chimakhudza kuthamanga kwa membrane wa osmotic, ndipo nembanemba ya osmotic pressure imawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mchere. Pokhala kuti kukakamiza kolowera kwa reverse osmosis sikunasinthe, kuchuluka kwa mchere m'madzi olowera kumawonjezeka. Chifukwa kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga kwa osmotic kumachepetsa gawo la mphamvu yolowera, kutsika kumachepa ndipo kuchuluka kwa mchere kumachepanso.
(4) Mphamvu ya kuchira
Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchira kwa reverse osmosis system kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mchere wambiri wamadzi olowera m'madzi a nembanemba panjira yoyenda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuthamanga kwa osmotic kuchuluke. Izi zidzathetsa kuyendetsa kwa kuthamanga kwa madzi olowera ku reverse osmosis, motero kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa madzi. Kuwonjezeka kwa mchere m'madzi olowetsamo a membrane element kumabweretsa kuchuluka kwa mchere m'madzi atsopano, motero kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mchere. Mu dongosolo dongosolo, pazipita kuchira mlingo n'zosiyana osmosis dongosolo sikudalira malire a osmotic kuthamanga, koma nthawi zambiri zimadalira zikuchokera ndi zili mchere mu madzi yaiwisi, chifukwa ndi kusintha mlingo kuchira, mchere yaying'ono sungunuka. monga calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate ndi silicon zidzakula mu ndondomeko ya ndende.
(5) Mphamvu ya pH mtengo
Mtundu wa pH womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu za membrane umasiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga kwa madzi ndi kutulutsa mchere kwa nembanemba ya acetate kumakhala kokhazikika pamtundu wa pH 4-8, ndipo kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi pH mtengo pansi pa 4 kapena kuposa 8. Zida za membrane zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi m'mafakitale ndizinthu zophatikizika, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa pH (mtengo wa pH ukhoza kulamuliridwa mu 3 ~ 10 mukugwira ntchito mosalekeza, komanso kutulutsa kwa membrane ndi kutulutsa madzi m'madzi munjira iyi kumakhala kokhazikika. .
Njira yosinthira ma membrane a osmosis musanayambe chithandizo:
Kusefera kwa membrane wa reverse osmosis ndikosiyana ndi kusefera kwa bedi la fyuluta, bedi losefera ndi kusefera kwathunthu, ndiye kuti, madzi aiwisi kupyola pagawo losefera. Reverse osmosis membrane kusefera ndi njira yosefera pamtanda, ndiye kuti, gawo lamadzi m'madzi osaphika limadutsa nembanemba molunjika ndi nembanemba. Panthawiyi, mchere ndi zowononga zosiyanasiyana zimagwidwa ndi nembanemba, ndipo zimachitidwa ndi gawo lotsala la madzi aiwisi omwe akuyenda mofanana ndi nembanemba pamwamba, koma zowononga sizingachotsedwe kwathunthu. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zotsalira zotsalira zidzapangitsa kuti kuipitsidwa kwa membrane kukhale kovuta kwambiri. Ndipo kuchuluka kwa zowononga madzi aiwisi ndi kuchuluka kwa machira, m'pamenenso kuipitsidwa kwa nembanemba kumathamanga.
1. Kuwongolera masikelo
Pamene mchere wosasungunuka m'madzi osaphika umakhazikika mosalekeza mu nembanemba ndikupitilira malire awo osungunuka, amatsika pamwamba pa nembanemba ya reverse osmosis, yomwe imatchedwa "scaling". Pamene gwero la madzi latsimikiziridwa, pamene chiwongoladzanja cha reverse osmosis system chikuwonjezeka, chiopsezo chowonjezereka chikuwonjezeka. Pakali pano, ndi chizolowezi kuonjezera mitengo yobwezeretsanso chifukwa cha kusowa kwa madzi kapena kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha madzi otayira. Pankhaniyi, njira zowongolera makulitsidwe moganizira ndizofunikira kwambiri. Mu reverse osmosis system, salt refractory salt ndi CaCO3, CaSO4 ndi Si02, ndi mankhwala ena omwe amatha kupanga sikelo ndi CaF2, BaS04, SrS04 ndi Ca3(PO4)2. Njira yodziwika bwino yoletsa kukula ndikuwonjezera scale inhibitor. Ma scale inhibitors omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu msonkhano wanga ndi Nalco PC191 ndi Europe ndi America NP200.
2.Control OF colloidal ndi olimba tinthu kuipitsidwa
Colloid ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono zingakhudze kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a reverse osmosis nembanemba, monga kuchepetsa kwambiri kutulutsa kwamadzi atsopano, nthawi zina kumachepetsanso kuchuluka kwa mchere, chizindikiro choyambirira cha colloid ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikuwonjezeka kwa kusiyana kwapakati pakati pa cholowera ndi cholowera. kutulutsa kwa zigawo za reverse osmosis membrane.
Njira yodziwika bwino yoweruzira ma colloid amadzi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'onoting'onoting'ono ta osmosis ndikuyesa kuchuluka kwa madzi a SDI, omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa F value (polution index), chomwe ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zofunika kuyang'anira magwiridwe antchito a reverse osmosis pretreatment system. .
SDI(silt density index) ndikusintha kwa liwiro la kusefera kwamadzi pa nthawi ya unit kusonyeza kuipitsidwa kwa madzi. Kuchuluka kwa colloid ndi zinthu zina m'madzi kudzakhudza kukula kwa SDI. Mtengo wa SDI ukhoza kutsimikiziridwa ndi chida cha SDI.
3. Kuwongolera kuipitsidwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timakhala m'madzi osaphika makamaka ndi mabakiteriya, algae, bowa, ma virus ndi zamoyo zina zapamwamba. Mu ndondomeko ya n'zosiyana osmosis, tizilombo ndi kusungunuka zakudya m'madzi adzakhala mosalekeza anaikira ndi kulemeretsedwa mu nembanemba chinthu, amene amakhala malo abwino ndi ndondomeko mapangidwe biofilm. Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwa zigawo za reverse osmosis membrane zidzakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a reverse osmosis system. Kusiyana kwamphamvu pakati pa kulowetsa ndi kutulutsa kwa zigawo za reverse osmosis kumakula mwachangu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa zokolola zamadzi azinthu za membrane. Nthawi zina, kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe kumachitika kumbali yopangira madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi amtunduwu aipitsidwe. Mwachitsanzo, pokonza zida za reverse osmosis m'mafakitale ena opangira magetsi, moss wobiriwira umapezeka pa nembanemba ndi mapaipi amadzi atsopano, zomwe zimawononga tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
Chinthu cha nembanemba chikayipitsidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndikupanga biofilm, kuyeretsa kwa membrane kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ma biofilms omwe sanachotsedwe kwathunthu amayambitsanso kukula mwachangu kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chifukwa chake, kuyang'anira tizilombo ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pokonzekeratu, makamaka pamakina oyambira osmosis omwe amagwiritsa ntchito madzi am'nyanja, madzi apamtunda ndi madzi oyipa ngati magwero amadzi.
Njira zazikulu zopewera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi: chlorine, microfiltration kapena ultrafiltration treatment, ozoni oxidation, ultraviolet sterilization, kuwonjezera sodium bisulfite. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina opangira magetsi otenthetsera madzi ndi ukadaulo wa chlorination ndi ukadaulo wa ultrafiltration wothira madzi musanasinthe osmosis.
Monga sterilizing wothandizira, klorini amatha kuyambitsa mwachangu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kuchita bwino kwa klorini kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chlorine, pH yamadzi, komanso nthawi yolumikizana. Mu ntchito za uinjiniya, klorini yotsalira m'madzi nthawi zambiri imayang'aniridwa kuposa 0.5 ~ 1.0mg, ndipo nthawi yake imayendetsedwa pa 20 ~ 30min. Mlingo wa klorini uyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi kuwongolera, chifukwa zinthu zomwe zili m'madzi zimawononganso chlorine. Chlorine imagwiritsidwa ntchito potsekereza, ndipo pH yamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndi 4 ~ 6.
Kugwiritsa ntchito chlorine m'madzi a m'nyanja ndi kosiyana ndi komwe kumachitika m'madzi amchere. Nthawi zambiri mumakhala pafupifupi 65mg wa bromine m'madzi a m'nyanja. Madzi a m'nyanja akamagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi haidrojeni, amayamba kuchitapo kanthu ndi hypochlorous acid kuti apange hypobromous acid, kotero kuti zotsatira zake za bactericidal ndi hypowet acid osati hypochlorous acid, ndipo hypobromous acid sichidzawola pamtengo wapamwamba wa pH. Choncho, zotsatira za chlorination ndi bwino kuposa m'madzi brackish.
Chifukwa nembanemba ya zinthu zophatikizika zili ndi zofunika zina pa chlorine yotsalira m'madzi, ndikofunikira kuchita chithandizo chochepetsera dechlorination pambuyo pochotsa chlorine.
4. Kuwongolera kuwonongeka kwa organic
Kutengeka kwa zinthu za organic pa nembanemba kumayambitsa kutsika kwa membrane, ndipo zikavuta kwambiri, kumayambitsa kutayika kosasinthika kwa membrane flux ndikusokoneza moyo weniweni wa nembanemba.
Pakuti madzi pamwamba, madzi ambiri ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, kudzera coagulation kumveka, DC coagulation kusefera ndi adamulowetsa mpweya kusefera ophatikizana njira mankhwala, akhoza kwambiri kuchepetsa organic zinthu m'madzi, kukwaniritsa zofunika n'zosiyana osmosis madzi.
5. Concentration polarization control
M'kati mwa reverse osmosis, nthawi zina pamakhala kutsika kwakukulu pakati pa madzi okhazikika pa nembanemba pamwamba ndi madzi amphamvu, omwe amatchedwa concentration polarization. Chodabwitsa ichi chikachitika, pamwamba pa nembanembayo padzakhazikitsidwa pamwamba pa nembanemba, pamwamba pa nembanemba padzapangidwa wosanjikiza wa ndende yayikulu komanso yokhazikika yomwe imatchedwa "osanjikiza", zomwe zimalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira yosinthira osmosis. Izi ndichifukwa choti kuphatikizika kwa ndende kumawonjezera mphamvu yotha kupitilira pa nembanemba, ndipo mphamvu yoyendetsera njira ya reverse osmosis imachepetsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi achepe komanso kutulutsa mchere. Pamene polarization ya ndende ili yaikulu, mchere wina wosungunuka pang'ono umatsika ndikukwera pamwamba pa nembanemba. Pofuna kupewa ndende polarization, njira yothandiza ndi kupanga otaya madzi moyikirapo nthawi zonse kukhala chipwirikiti boma, ndiko kuti, ndi kuonjezera inlet otaya mlingo kuonjezera otaya mlingo wa anaikira madzi, kuti ndende ya yaying'ono-kusungunuka. mchere pamtunda wa nembanemba umachepetsedwa mpaka mtengo wotsika kwambiri; Kuphatikiza apo, chipangizo chosinthira madzi cha osmosis chikatsekedwa, madzi okhazikika omwe ali m'mphepete mwa madzi osinthidwa ayenera kutsukidwa munthawi yake.
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