0102 ib0304 ib05
Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob
Kev kho dej phwj hauv tsev yog hais txog kev kho cov dej phwj tuaj hauv lub neej ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog, kom nws ua tau raws li cov qauv tso tawm thiab tsis ua rau muaj kuab paug rau ib puag ncig. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho dej phwj hauv tsev yog qhov pom tseeb ntawm tus kheej, uas cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev txhim kho ib puag ncig.
Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov dej phwj tuaj hauv tsev muaj ntau cov organic teeb meem thiab cov kab mob, yog tias tso ncaj qha rau hauv ib puag ncig, nws yuav ua rau muaj kuab paug loj rau lub cev dej. Cov organic teeb meem thiab cov kab mob no yuav siv cov pa oxygen hauv lub cev dej, ua rau cov dej tsis zoo thiab cuam tshuam rau kev muaj sia nyob hauv dej. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov dej phwj tuaj hauv tsev kuj muaj ntau cov nitrogen, phosphorus thiab lwm cov as-ham, yog tias tso rau hauv lub cev dej, yuav ua rau cov dej eutrophy-ua rau algae blooms, cuam tshuam rau cov dej zoo thiab kev tshuav nyiaj li cas.
Qhov thib ob, cov dej phwj tuaj hauv tsev kuj muaj ntau yam khoom tsis zoo, xws li cov hlau hnyav, cov khoom organic, cov tshuaj seem thiab lwm yam. Yog tias cov tshuaj no tso ncaj qha rau hauv ib puag ncig, lawv yuav ua rau muaj kuab paug rau lub cev dej thiab av, thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau ecosystems thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Yog li ntawd, kev kho kom zoo ntawm cov dej phwj hauv tsev yog ib qho kev ntsuas tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev kho dej phwj hauv tsev kuj tuaj yeem paub txog kev siv peev txheej. Cov dej phwj tuaj hauv tsev muaj ntau cov organic teeb meem thiab cov as-ham, uas tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv cov organic chiv thiab biogas thiab lwm yam kev pab cuam tom qab kev kho kom raug, kom paub txog cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab thiab txo cov khoom siv ntuj tsim.
Cov dej khib nyiab hauv lub neej txhua hnub, qhov tseeb, tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov dej khib nyiab tau raug kho, thiab feem ntau nws ncaj qha tso rau hauv cov dej ntws tsis muaj kev kho mob. Nws yog qhov phem dua hauv cov nroog me.
Faeces thiab lwm yam yog feem ntau tsis tso tawm ncaj qha, tab sis muaj kev ntsuas sau.
Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov pa phem nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab yog qhov nyuaj heev thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg, thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau txhua txoj kev kho kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kom huv si, thiab nws feem ntau siv ntau txoj hauv kev los tsim cov txheej txheem kho kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm kev kho mob.
Raws li kev kho mob sib txawv, qhov kev kho dej khib nyiab tuaj yeem muab faib ua thawj kev kho mob, kev kho mob theem nrab thiab kev kho mob siab heev.
Kev kho thawj zaug tsuas yog tshem tawm cov khib nyiab pov tseg hauv cov dej khib nyiab, feem ntau yog los ntawm kev siv lub cev, thiab cov dej khib nyiab kho feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov qauv tso tawm.
Rau cov txheej txheem thib ob, cov txheej txheem ua ntej yog ua ntej. Kev kho mob thib ob feem ntau yog kev kho mob lom neeg, uas tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov colloidal thiab yaj cov organic hauv dej pov tseg, kom cov dej khib nyiab ua tau raws li cov qauv tso tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kev kho mob thib ob, tseem muaj qee yam ntawm cov teeb meem tshem tawm, yaj cov organic teeb meem, yaj cov teeb meem tsis muaj sia, nitrogen thiab phosphorus thiab lwm yam algae proliferation as-ham, thiab muaj cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob.
Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov qauv kev tso tawm ntau dua, xws li kev kho mob rau hauv cov dej me me, lub peev xwm tsis zoo ntawm cov dej tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kuab paug, tsis tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha raws li cov kais dej, cov dej hauv dej thiab cov dej hauv av recharge. Kev kho mob thib peb yog txhawm rau tshem tawm cov pa phem ntxiv uas tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm los ntawm kev kho mob theem nrab, xws li phosphorus, nitrogen thiab organic pollutants, inorganic pollutants thiab pathogens uas nyuaj rau degrade los ntawm biology. Txoj kev kho tertiary ntawm cov dej khib nyiab yog ib txoj kev "kev kho siab" uas txuas ntxiv siv cov txheej txheem tshuaj (chemical oxidation, chemical nag lossis daus, thiab lwm yam) thiab txoj kev siv lub cev thiab tshuaj (adsorption, ion exchange, membrane sib cais tshuab, thiab lwm yam) kom tshem tawm qee cov pa phem. raws li kev kho mob theem nrab. Obviously, tertiary kev kho cov dej khib nyiab yog kim, tab sis nws tuaj yeem siv tag nrho cov peev txheej dej.
Cov dej phwj tuaj thiab cov dej khib nyiab pov tseg rau cov chaw kho dej phwj tuaj yeem kho tsis zoo siv ntau yam kev sib cais thiab kev hloov pauv technologies.
Cov Ntsiab Cai
Cov khoom siv feem ntau siv hauv cov chaw kho dej phwj tuaj
Hauv kev kho cov dej phwj tuaj, peb yuav tsum siv cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv qab no:
(1) Oxidant: kua chlorine lossis chlorine dioxide lossis hydrogen peroxide,
(2) Defoaming tus neeg saib xyuas: tus nqi tsawg heev;
(3) Flocculant: polyaluminum chloride los yog anionic thiab cationic polyacrylamide, tseem hu ua anionic pam lossis cationic pam,
(4) Tus neeg sawv cev txo qis: ferrous sulfate hydrate thiab lwm yam;
(5) Acid-base neutralization: sulfuric acid, quicklime, caustic soda, thiab lwm yam
(6) Tshuaj tua kab mob phosphorus thiab lwm yam tshuaj.
Cov txheej txheem ntxuav & cov txheej txheem sib xws
Txoj kev siv lub cev: tshem tawm cov khib nyiab thiab cov roj tsis zoo hauv cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev siv lub cev lossis kev ua haujlwm; Lim, nag lossis daus, centrifugal sib cais, ntab, thiab lwm yam.
Cov txheej txheem tshuaj: ntxiv cov tshuaj lom neeg, los ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg, hloov cov tshuaj lom neeg lossis lub cev ntawm cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab, kom nws hloov cov tshuaj lom neeg lossis lub cev lub cev, thiab tom qab ntawd tshem tawm ntawm cov dej; Neutralization, oxidation, txo, decomposition, flocculation, tshuaj nag lossis daus, thiab lwm yam.
Txoj kev siv lub cev: kev siv lub cev thiab tshuaj ua kom huv si los ntxuav cov dej khib nyiab; Stripping, stripping, adsorption, extraction, ion pauv, electrolysis, electrodialysis, thim rov qab dialysis, thiab lwm yam
Cov txheej txheem lom neeg: kev siv cov microbial metabolism, oxidation thiab degradation ntawm cov organic pollutants nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab rau hauv cov khoom tsis muaj teeb meem, los yog txoj kev kho biochemical, yog txoj kev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los kho cov dej khib nyiab; Activated sludge, biofiltration, nyob cov lus teb, oxidation pas dej, anaerobic digestion, thiab lwm yam.
Ntawm lawv, txoj kev kho mob lom ntawm cov dej khib nyiab yog raws li txoj hauv kev uas cov kab mob hloov cov organic teeb meem nyuaj rau hauv cov teeb meem yooj yim thiab cov tshuaj lom mus rau hauv cov khoom tsis muaj tshuaj lom los ntawm kev ua ntawm enzymes. Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pa oxygen xav tau ntawm cov kab mob uas ua lub luag haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem kho mob, kev kho mob lom neeg tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom: kev kho roj zoo (oxygen) thiab kev kho anaerobic (oxygen) lom. Kev kho cov roj ntsha zoo yog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen, los ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov pa roj capillaria zoo mus nqa tawm. Los ntawm lawv tus kheej lub neej kev ua ub no - oxidation, txo, synthesis thiab lwm yam txheej txheem, cov kab mob oxidize ib feem ntawm absorbed organic teeb meem rau hauv yooj yim inorganic teeb meem (CO2, H2O, NO3-, PO43-, thiab lwm yam) kom tau lub zog yuav tsum tau rau kev loj hlob thiab kev ua si, thiab hloov lwm qhov ntawm cov organic teeb meem rau hauv cov as-ham uas xav tau los ntawm cov kab mob los ua kom lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob. Kev kho anaerobic lom yog ua tiav thaum tsis muaj oxygen los ntawm kev ua ntawm cov kab mob anaerobic. Thaum cov kab mob anaerobic degrade cov organic teeb meem, lawv yuav tsum tau txais cov pa oxygen los ntawm CO2, NO3-, PO43- thiab lwm yam los tswj lawv tus kheej cov khoom xav tau oxygen, yog li lawv cov khoom degradation yog CH4, H2S, NH3 thiab lwm yam. Txhawm rau kho cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm cov txheej txheem lom neeg, biodegradability ntawm cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam ua ntej. Muaj peb yam tseem ceeb: biodegradability, biotreatment tej yam kev mob, thiab txwv pub concentration ntawm cov pa phem uas muaj inhibitory nyhuv ntawm microbial kev ua si nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab. Biodegradability yog hais txog qhov twg, los ntawm kev ua neej nyob ntawm cov kab mob, cov qauv tshuaj lom neeg tuaj yeem hloov pauv, yog li hloov cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev ntawm cov pa phem. Rau kev kho roj av zoo yog hais txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov pa phem tau hloov mus rau CO2, H2O thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg los ntawm cov kab mob los ntawm cov metabolites nruab nrab thiab qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov pa phem hauv cov pa roj zoo. Cov kab mob muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo decompose organic pollutants tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob (kev noj haus, tej yam kev mob, thiab lwm yam). Kev xaiv kom raug ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab ib puag ncig zoo tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob lom neeg ua tau zoo. Los ntawm kev kawm txog kev ua cov khoom siv roj ntsha, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ntau yam ntawm cov xwm txheej no, xws li pH, qhov kub thiab txias, thiab qhov sib piv ntawm carbon, nitrogen, thiab phosphorus.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev siv dej rov ua dua tshiab, tib neeg tau mloog zoo rau kev tshem tawm ntau yam nano-micron particle pollutants. Nano-micron particle pollutants hauv dej xa mus rau cov khoom zoo uas muaj qhov loj me dua 1um. Lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog complex, xws li ntau yam zoo av nplaum minerals, hluavtaws organic teeb meem, humus, roj thiab algae tshuaj, thiab lwm yam. Raws li ib tug cab kuj muaj zog adsorption quab yuam, nplua av nplaum minerals feem ntau adsorb lom hnyav hlau ions, organic pollutants, kab mob pathogenic thiab. lwm cov pa phem rau ntawm qhov chaw. Cov tshuaj humus thiab algae hauv cov dej ntuj tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj chlorinated hydrocarbon carcinogens nrog cov tshuaj chlorine hauv cov txheej txheem tshuaj tua kab mob chlorine hauv kev kho dej huv. Lub hav zoov ntawm cov nano-micron particle pollutants tsis tsuas yog muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha lossis muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv, tab sis kuj tseem ua rau cov dej tsis zoo thiab ua rau muaj kev nyuaj ntawm kev kho dej, xws li hauv cov txheej txheem kho cov dej khib nyiab hauv nroog. Yog li ntawd, lub floc ntawm lub sedimentation tank floats upwards thiab lub lim tank yog ib qho yooj yim mus nkag mus rau hauv, ua rau poob ntawm effluent zoo thiab nce nqi khiav hauj lwm. Cov txheej txheem kev kho mob ib txwm muaj tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov pa phem ntawm nano-micron hauv dej, thiab qee qhov kev kho mob siab heev xws li ultrafiltation membrane thiab thim rov qab osmosis yog qhov nyuaj rau kev siv dav vim kev nqis peev ntau thiab tus nqi. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim cov cuab yeej tshiab, siv tau zoo thiab siv nyiaj txiag kho dej.
Cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm
Kev kho dej phwj hauv tsev yuav tsum muaj ntau yam khoom siv, cov hauv qab no feem ntau siv cov cuab yeej kho mob:
1. Grille: siv los tshem tawm cov teeb meem loj hauv cov dej khib nyiab, xws li ntawv, ntaub, thiab lwm yam.
2. Sand sedimentation tank: siv los tshem tawm cov xuab zeb thiab xuab zeb thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv cov dej khib nyiab.
3. Sedimentation tank: siv rau kev kho thawj zaug, cov khib nyiab tshem tawm thiab tshem tawm cov sediments hauv cov dej khib nyiab yog precipitated los ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus.
4. Air flotation tank: siv rau kev kho thawj zaug, cov teeb meem raug tshem tawm hauv cov dej khib nyiab ntab los ntawm kev ua ntawm npuas, thiab tom qab ntawd nws raug tshem tawm los ntawm scraper.
5. Lim: rau kev kho thawj zaug, los ntawm cov lim nruab nrab kom tshem tawm cov khib nyiab thiab cov organic teeb meem hauv cov dej khib nyiab
6. Activated sludge reaction tank: siv rau kev kho nruab nrab, los ntawm kev ntxiv cov activated sludge thiab oxygen, kom cov kab mob tuaj yeem decompress organic teeb meem hauv cov dej khib nyiab.
7. Anaerobic digester: siv rau kev kho mob nruab nrab, los ntawm kev ua ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv anaerobic tej yam kev mob, cov organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv biogas.
8. Biofilm reactor: siv rau kev kho nruab nrab, cov organic teeb meem hauv cov dej khib nyiab yog degraded los ntawm kev ua ntawm biofilm.
9. Cov lim dej sib sib zog nqus: siv rau kev kho mob siab heev kom tshem tawm cov kab mob organic los ntawm cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm lim xov xwm 10. Activated carbon adsorber: siv rau kev kho siab heev kom tshem tawm cov organic teeb meem ntawm cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm adsorption ntawm activated carbon.
11. Ozone oxidation reactor: rau kev kho mob siab heev, los ntawm oxidation ntawm ozone kom tshem tawm cov organic hauv dej khib nyiab.
piav 2