0102 ib0304 ib05
Rov qab Osmosis Cog Txheej Txheem Cov Khoom Siv Muaj Dej Kho Dej
Kev taw qhia txog qhov project
Txoj cai ntawm kev rov qab osmosis system
Ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, ib qho semi-permeable membrane yog siv los cais cov dej tshiab los ntawm saline. Cov dej tshiab txav mus rau saline los ntawm semi-permeable membrane. Raws li cov kua theem ntawm saline sab ntawm txoj cai ventricle nce, ib tug tej yam siab yog generated los tiv thaiv cov dej tshiab los ntawm sab laug ventricle los ntawm kev tsiv mus rau saline sab, thiab thaum kawg equilibrium yog mus txog. Lub siab sib npaug ntawm lub sijhawm no yog hu ua osmotic siab ntawm kev daws, thiab qhov tshwm sim no hu ua osmosis. Yog hais tias sab nraud siab tshaj li osmotic siab yog siv rau saline sab ntawm txoj cai ventricle, cov dej nyob rau hauv cov ntsev tov ntawm txoj cai ventricle yuav txav mus rau cov dej tshiab ntawm sab laug ventricle los ntawm lub semi-permeable membrane, thiaj li hais tias cov tshiab. dej tuaj yeem sib cais los ntawm cov dej ntsev. Qhov tshwm sim no yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tshwm sim permeability, hu ua qhov rov qab permeability phenomenon.
Yog li, lub hauv paus ntawm thim rov qab osmosis desalination system yog
(1) Kev xaiv permeability ntawm semi-permeable membrane, uas yog, xaiv cia dej los ntawm tab sis tsis pub ntsev los ntawm;
(2) Lub siab sab nraud ntawm saline chamber yog siab dua osmotic siab ntawm saline chamber thiab cov dej tshiab chamber, uas muab lub zog tsav rau cov dej txav los ntawm lub saline chamber mus rau cov dej tshiab chamber. Hom osmotic pressures rau qee qhov kev daws teeb meem tau qhia hauv cov lus hauv qab no.
Qhov saum toj no semi-permeable membrane siv los cais cov dej tshiab los ntawm cov dej ntsev hu ua rov qab osmosis membrane. Rov qab osmosis membrane feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polymer. Tam sim no, rov qab osmosis membrane siv nyob rau hauv thermal fais fab nroj tsuag feem ntau yog ua los ntawm aromatic polyamide composite cov ntaub ntawv.
RO (Rov qab Osmosis) thim rov qab osmosis tshuab yog cov txheej txheem sib cais thiab pom cov tshuab siv los ntawm qhov sib txawv siab. Nws qhov pore loj me me li nanometer (1 nanometer = 10-9 meters). Nyob rau hauv ib lub siab, H20 molecules tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm RO membrane, Inorganic ntsev, hnyav hlau ions, organic teeb meem, colloids, kab mob, kab mob thiab lwm yam impurities nyob rau hauv lub qhov dej tsis tuaj yeem dhau los ntawm RO daim nyias nyias, kom cov dej ntshiab tuaj yeem dhau mus. los ntawm thiab cov dej concentrated uas tsis tuaj yeem hla tuaj yeem raug cais nruj me ntsis.
Hauv cov ntawv thov kev lag luam, cov nroj tsuag rov qab osmosis siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb los pab txhawb cov txheej txheem rov qab osmosis. Kev lag luam rov qab osmosis tshuab yog tsim los kho cov dej ntim loj thiab siv ntau yam kev lag luam nrog rau kev ua liaj ua teb, tshuaj, thiab kev tsim khoom. Cov cuab yeej siv hauv cov tshuab no tau tsim tshwj xeeb los xyuas kom meej tias cov txheej txheem rov qab osmosis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab ua tau zoo hauv kev tsim cov dej tshiab los ntawm cov dej ntsev.
Cov txheej txheem rov qab osmosis yog ib qho tseem ceeb thev naus laus zis rau seawater desalination, uas tuaj yeem muab cov dej tshiab rau cov cheeb tsam uas tsis muaj dej los yog qhov chaw dej ib txwm muaj kuab paug. Raws li cov khoom siv rov qab osmosis thiab thev naus laus zis ua ntej, cov txheej txheem tseem yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem rau cov dej tsis txaus thiab cov teeb meem zoo thoob ntiaj teb.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm rov qab osmosis membrane:
Directionality thiab kev sib cais yam ntxwv ntawm kev sib cais membrane
Cov tswv yim rov qab osmosis membrane yog asymmetric membrane, muaj txheej txheej thiab txhawb nqa, nws muaj kev taw qhia pom tseeb thiab xaiv. Lub thiaj li hu ua directivity yog muab lub membrane nto nyob rau hauv siab siab brine rau desalting, lub siab tsub kom lub membrane dej permeability, desalting tus nqi kuj nce; Thaum cov txheej txheem txhawb nqa ntawm daim nyias nyias tau muab tso rau hauv kev kub siab brine, tus nqi desalination yuav luag 0 nrog kev nce siab, tab sis cov dej permeability tau nce ntau. Vim qhov kev taw qhia no, nws tsis tuaj yeem siv rov qab thaum siv.
Cov yam ntxwv sib cais ntawm thim rov qab osmosis rau ions thiab cov organic teeb meem hauv dej tsis zoo ib yam, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav raws li hauv qab no
(1) Organic teeb meem yog yooj yim cais dua inorganic teeb meem
(2) Electrolytes yooj yim cais dua li cov uas tsis yog electrolytes. Electrolytes nrog cov nqi siab yog yooj yim dua rau kev sib cais, thiab lawv cov nqi tshem tawm feem ntau yog raws li hauv qab no. Fe3+> Ca2+> Na+ PO43-> S042-> C | - rau cov electrolyte, qhov loj ntawm cov molecule, qhov yooj yim tshem tawm.
(3) Tus nqi tshem tawm ntawm inorganic ions muaj feem xyuam rau hydrate thiab lub vojvoog ntawm hydrated ions hauv ion hydration xeev. Qhov loj dua lub vojvoog ntawm hydrated ion yog, qhov yooj yim dua nws yuav raug tshem tawm. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev tshem tawm tus nqi yog raws li nram no:
Mg2+, Ca2+> Li+ > Na+ > K+; F-> C|-> Br-> NO3-
(4) Cov cai sib cais ntawm polar organic teeb meem:
Aldehyde > Cawv > Amine > Acid, tertiary amine > Secondary amine > Primary amine, citric acid > Tartaric acid > Malic acid > Lactic acid > Acetic acid
Kev nce qib tsis ntev los no hauv kev kho cov roj pov tseg sawv cev rau kev nce qib tseem ceeb hauv kev daws teeb meem ib puag ncig thaum tseem muab sijhawm rau kev lag luam kom muaj kev vam meej nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig, tus phooj ywg zoo. Qhov kev daws teeb meem tshiab no yog ua txhua yam kom muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo hauv kev kho cov roj khib nyiab thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig nrog nws cov lus cog tseg ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab, cov nqi khiav haujlwm qis thiab xoom cov pa phem thib ob.
(5) Pair isomers: tert-> Txawv (iso-)> Zhong (sec-)> Thawj (pri-)
(6) Kev sib cais ntawm sodium ntsev ntawm cov organic teeb meem yog qhov zoo, thaum cov kab mob phenol thiab phenol kab sib cais tsis zoo. Thaum aqueous daws ntawm polar los yog tsis-polar, dissociated los yog non-dissociated organic solutes yog sib cais los ntawm daim nyias nyias, kev sib cuam tshuam rog ntawm cov kuab tshuaj, kuab tshuaj thiab membrane txiav txim siab xaiv permeability ntawm daim nyias nyias. Cov teebmeem no muaj xws li electrostatic force, hydrogen bond binding force, hydrophobicity thiab electron transfer.
(7) Feem ntau, cov kuab tshuaj muaj me ntsis cuam tshuam rau lub cev lub cev lossis hloov khoom ntawm daim nyias nyias. Tsuas yog phenol lossis qee qhov hnyav molecular cov organic tebchaw yuav ua rau cellulose acetate nthuav dav hauv cov kua dej. Qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov khoom no feem ntau yuav ua rau cov dej ntws ntawm cov membrane txo qis, qee zaum ntau heev.
(8) Cov nyhuv tshem tawm ntawm nitrate, perchlorate, cyanide thiab thiocyanate tsis zoo li chloride, thiab cov nyhuv tshem tawm ntawm ammonium ntsev tsis zoo li sodium ntsev.
(9) Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom uas muaj cov txheeb ze molecular loj dua 150, txawm tias electrolyte los yog non-electrolyte, tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm zoo
Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov rov qab osmosis membrane rau cov ntxhiab hydrocarbons, cycloalkanes, alkanes thiab sodium chloride sib cais txiav txim yog txawv.
(2) Lub twj tso kua mis siab
Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm thim rov qab osmosis membrane, dej yuav tsum tau xa mus rau qhov ntsuas siab los ntawm lub twj tso kua mis siab kom ua tiav cov txheej txheem desalting. Tam sim no, lub twj tso kua mis siab siv nyob rau hauv thermal fais fab nroj tsuag muaj centrifugal, plunger thiab ntsia hlau thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv, ntawm cov uas, lub multi-theem centrifugal twj tso kua mis yog siv ntau tshaj plaws. Qhov no tuaj yeem ncav cuag ntau dua 90% thiab txuag hluav taws xob siv. Hom twj tso kua mis no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab.
(3) Rov qab osmosis ontology
Lub cev rov qab osmosis yog ib chav kho dej ua ke uas sib txuas thiab txuas cov khoom rov qab osmosis membrane nrog cov kav dej hauv ib qho kev npaj. Ib qho rov qab osmosis membrane yog hu ua membrane element. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov rov qab osmosis membrane cov khoom txuas nrog hauv cov kab raws li qee qhov kev xav tau thiab sib sau ua ke nrog ib qho rov qab osmosis membrane plhaub los tsim cov txheej txheem membrane.
1. Membrane keeb
Rov qab osmosis membrane caij Ib chav tsev yooj yim ua los ntawm thim rov qab osmosis membrane thiab cov khoom siv nrog kev siv ua haujlwm. Tam sim no, coil membrane ntsiab yog siv nyob rau hauv thermal fais fab nroj tsuag.
Tam sim no, ntau yam membrane manufacturers tsim ntau yam membrane tivthaiv rau cov neeg siv kev lag luam sib txawv. Membrane ntsiab lus thov nyob rau hauv thermal fais fab nroj tsuag yuav roughly muab faib ua: siab siab seawater desalination thim rov qab osmosis membrane ntsiab; Tsis tshua muaj siab thiab ultra-siab siab brackish dej desalting rov qab membrane ntsiab; Anti-fouling membrane caij.
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem membrane yog:
A. Zaj duab xis ntim ceev kom siab li ntau tau.
B. Tsis yooj yim rau concentration polarization
C. Muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj
D. Nws yog qhov yooj yim los ntxuav thiab hloov daim nyias nyias
E. Tus nqi pheej yig
2.Membrane plhaub
Lub nkoj siab siv los thauj cov rov qab osmosis membrane caij nyob rau hauv rov qab osmosis lub cev ntaus ntawv yog hu ua membrane plhaub, los yog hu ua "siab hlab ntsha" manufacturing unit yog Haide zog, txhua lub nkoj siab yog txog 7 meters ntev.
Lub plhaub ntawm lub plhaub zaj duab xis feem ntau yog ua los ntawm epoxy iav fiber reinforced yas ntaub, thiab cov txhuam sab nrauv yog epoxy xim. Kuj tseem muaj qee cov tuam ntxhab ntawm cov khoom lag luam rau stainless hlau zaj duab xis plhaub. Vim muaj zog corrosion kuj ntawm FRP, feem ntau thermal fais fab nroj tsuag xaiv FRP zaj duab xis plhaub. Cov khoom siv ntawm lub nkoj siab yog FRP.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev rov qab osmosis dej kho qhov system ua haujlwm:
Rau cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, cov dej ntws tawm thiab cov desalting tus nqi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm thim rov qab osmosis membrane, thiab muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam rau cov dej ntws thiab desalting tus nqi ntawm rov qab osmosis lub cev, feem ntau suav nrog lub siab, qhov kub thiab txias, tus nqi rov qab, muaj txiaj ntsig salinity thiab pH nqi.
(1) Cov nyhuv siab
Lub inlet siab ntawm thim rov qab osmosis membrane ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau cov membrane flux thiab desalting tus nqi ntawm rov qab osmosis membrane. Qhov nce ntawm daim nyias nyias muaj ib qho kev sib raug zoo nrog cov inlet siab ntawm thim rov qab osmosis. Tus nqi desalination muaj ib txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog lub zog siab, tab sis thaum lub siab nce mus txog ib qho nqi, qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm desalination tus nqi zoo li tiaj tus thiab tus nqi desalination tsis nce ntxiv lawm.
(2) Cov nyhuv kub
Tus desalting tus nqi txo nrog qhov nce ntawm inlet kub ntawm rov qab osmosis. Txawm li cas los xij, cov dej tawm los flux nce yuav luag linearly. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog tias thaum qhov kub thiab txias nce, qhov viscosity ntawm cov dej molecules txo qis thiab muaj peev xwm diffusion muaj zog, yog li cov dej ntws nce ntxiv. Nrog rau qhov nce ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, tus nqi ntsev dhau los ntawm qhov rov qab osmosis membrane yuav nrawm dua, yog li tus nqi desalination yuav raug txo. Cov dej nyoos kub yog qhov ntsuas tseem ceeb rau kev rov qab osmosis system tsim. Piv txwv li, thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob tab tom hloov kho kev hloov pauv ntawm kev rov qab osmosis engineering, cov dej kub ntawm cov dej nyoos hauv kev tsim yog xam raws li 25 ℃, thiab ntsuas qhov nkag siab yog 1.6MPa. Txawm li cas los xij, cov dej kub hauv qhov kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag ntawm lub cev tsuas yog 8 ℃, thiab qhov nkag siab yuav tsum tau nce mus rau 2.0MPa kom ntseeg tau tias tsim cov dej tshiab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev siv lub zog ntawm lub zog ua haujlwm nce, lub neej ntawm lub nplhaib sab hauv lub nplhaib ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom siv rov qab osmosis yog luv luv, thiab cov khoom siv tau ntau dua.
(3) Cov ntsiab lus ntsev
Qhov concentration ntawm ntsev nyob rau hauv dej yog ib qho tseem ceeb Performance index cuam tshuam rau lub membrane osmotic siab, thiab lub membrane osmotic siab nce nrog nce ntsev cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas lub inlet siab ntawm rov qab osmosis tseem tsis hloov, cov ntsev cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov dej inlet nce. Vim tias qhov nce ntawm osmotic siab offsets ib feem ntawm inlet quab yuam, lub flux txo thiab desalination tus nqi kuj txo.
(4) Kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev rov qab los
Qhov nce ntawm qhov rov qab ntawm qhov rov qab osmosis system yuav ua rau muaj ntsev ntau dua ntawm cov dej nkag ntawm cov membrane raws li cov kev taw qhia ntws, uas ua rau muaj kev nce siab hauv osmotic. Qhov no yuav cuam tshuam qhov kev tsav tsheb ntawm cov dej nkag siab ntawm thim rov qab osmosis, yog li txo cov dej tawm los. Qhov nce ntawm ntsev cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv dej inlet ntawm lub membrane caij ua rau kom cov ntsev cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov dej tshiab, yog li txo tus nqi desalination. Hauv kev tsim qauv, qhov siab tshaj plaws rov qab ntawm qhov rov qab osmosis tsis yog nyob ntawm qhov txwv ntawm osmotic siab, tab sis feem ntau nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsev hauv cov dej nyoos, vim tias nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev rov qab los, micro-soluble ntsev. xws li calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate thiab silicon yuav scale nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem concentration.
(5) Kev cuam tshuam ntawm pH tus nqi
Cov pH ntau siv tau rau ntau hom membrane cov ntsiab lus sib txawv heev. Piv txwv li, cov dej ntws thiab desalination tus nqi ntawm acetate membrane zoo li ruaj khov nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm pH tus nqi 4-8, thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm pH tus nqi qis dua 4 lossis siab dua 8. Tam sim no, feem ntau ntawm membrane cov ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam dej kho yog cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw, uas hloov mus rau qhov dav pH tus nqi ntau yam (pH tus nqi tuaj yeem tswj tau nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 3 ~ 10 hauv kev ua haujlwm tas mus li, thiab cov membrane flux thiab desalination tus nqi nyob rau hauv ntau yam no kuj ruaj khov. .
Rov qab osmosis membrane txoj kev kho ua ntej:
Rov qab osmosis membrane filtration yog txawv ntawm lim txaj lim lim, lim txaj yog tag nrho pom, uas yog, cov dej nyoos tag nrho los ntawm cov txheej lim. Rov qab osmosis membrane filtration yog ib txoj kev hla kev pom, uas yog, ib feem ntawm cov dej hauv cov dej nyoos dhau los ntawm daim nyias nyias nyob rau hauv txoj kab ntsug nrog daim nyias nyias. Lub sijhawm no, ntsev thiab ntau yam kuab paug cuam tshuam los ntawm daim nyias nyias, thiab nqa tawm los ntawm qhov seem ntawm cov dej nyoos ntws mus rau qhov sib npaug ntawm daim nyias nyias, tab sis cov pa phem tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm tag nrho. Raws li lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov pa phem uas nyob hauv yuav ua rau cov kuab paug ua paug hnyav dua. Thiab qhov siab dua cov dej tsis huv thiab cov nqi rov qab, qhov ceev ntawm daim nyias nyias.
1. Scale tswj
Thaum cov ntsev insoluble nyob rau hauv cov dej nyoos yog tsis tu ncua concentrated nyob rau hauv lub membrane caij thiab tshaj lawv solubility txwv, lawv yuav precipitate rau saum npoo ntawm rov qab osmosis membrane, uas yog hu ua "scaling". Thaum cov dej tau txiav txim siab, raws li qhov kev rov qab los ntawm qhov rov qab osmosis system nce, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev scaling nce. Tam sim no, nws yog ib txwm ua kom cov nqi rov ua dua tshiab vim muaj dej tsis txaus lossis ib puag ncig cuam tshuam ntawm cov dej khib nyiab. Hauv qhov no, kev xav txog kev ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb. Hauv cov txheej txheem rov qab osmosis, cov ntsev ntau refractory yog CaCO3, CaSO4 thiab Si02, thiab lwm cov tebchaw uas tuaj yeem tsim cov nplai yog CaF2, BaS04, SrS04 thiab Ca3 (PO4)2. Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm scale inhibition yog ntxiv scale inhibitor. Cov nplai inhibitors siv hauv kuv lub rooj cob qhia yog Nalco PC191 thiab Europe thiab America NP200.
2.Control ntawm colloidal thiab khoom particle paug
Colloid thiab particle fouling tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm rov qab osmosis membrane cov ntsiab lus, xws li kev txo qis hauv cov dej tshiab, qee zaum kuj txo qis desalination tus nqi, thawj cov tsos mob ntawm colloid thiab particle fouling yog qhov nce siab sib txawv ntawm qhov nkag thiab Qhov hluav taws xob ntawm thim rov qab osmosis membrane Cheebtsam.
Txoj hauv kev tshaj plaws los txiav txim rau cov dej colloid thiab cov khoom hauv rov qab osmosis membrane cov ntsiab lus yog ntsuas qhov SDI tus nqi ntawm cov dej, qee zaum hu ua F tus nqi (qhov ntsuas qhov ua paug), uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntsuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev rov qab osmosis pretreatment system. .
SDI (silt density index) yog qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov dej pom ceev hauv ib lub sijhawm los qhia txog kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov dej tsis zoo. Tus nqi ntawm colloid thiab cov teeb meem hauv dej yuav cuam tshuam rau SDI loj. Tus nqi SDI tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm SDI ntsuas.
3. Tswj cov kab mob microbial kab mob
Cov kab mob hauv cov dej nyoos feem ntau suav nrog cov kab mob, algae, fungi, kab mob thiab lwm yam kab mob siab dua. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm thim rov qab osmosis, cov kab mob thiab cov khoom noj uas yaj hauv dej yuav txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv thiab ntxiv rau hauv cov txheej txheem membrane, uas dhau los ua qhov zoo tagnrho ib puag ncig thiab txheej txheem rau kev tsim biofilm. Kev kis kab mob lom ntawm rov qab osmosis membrane cov khoom yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm rov qab osmosis system. Lub siab sib txawv ntawm qhov nkag thiab qhov hluav taws xob ntawm qhov rov qab osmosis Cheebtsam nce nrawm, ua rau txo qis ntawm cov dej tawm ntawm cov khoom siv membrane. Qee lub sij hawm, kev sib kis kab mob lom yuav tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom siv dej, uas ua rau muaj paug ntawm cov khoom siv dej. Piv txwv li, hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm cov khoom siv rov qab osmosis hauv qee cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob thermal, cov moss ntsuab muaj nyob rau ntawm daim nyias nyias thiab cov kav dej tshiab, uas yog cov kab mob microbial.
Thaum cov txheej txheem membrane raug kab mob los ntawm cov kab mob thiab tsim cov biofilm, kev ntxuav ntawm daim nyias nyias yog qhov nyuaj heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, biofilms uas tsis raug tshem tawm tag yuav ua rau cov kab mob loj hlob sai dua. Yog li ntawd, kev tswj cov kab mob kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm pretreatment, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau rov qab osmosis pretreatment systems siv seawater, dej nto thiab cov dej khib nyiab ua dej.
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv cov kab mob membrane yog: chlorine, microfiltration lossis ultrafiltration kho, ozone oxidation, ultraviolet sterilization, ntxiv sodium bisulfite. Cov kev siv feem ntau hauv thermal fais fab nroj tsuag dej kho qhov system yog chlorination sterilization thiab ultrafiltration dej kho tshuab ua ntej rov qab osmosis.
Raws li tus neeg saib xyuas kom tsis muaj menyuam, chlorine muaj peev xwm ua kom tsis muaj kab mob ntau yam kab mob. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine nyob ntawm qhov concentration ntawm chlorine, pH ntawm dej, thiab lub sijhawm sib cuag. Hauv kev siv engineering, cov tshuaj chlorine seem hauv dej feem ntau tswj tau ntau dua 0.5 ~ 1.0mg, thiab lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tswj ntawm 20 ~ 30min. Kev noj tshuaj chlorine yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev debugging, vim hais tias cov organic teeb meem hauv dej kuj tseem yuav haus chlorine. Cov tshuaj chlorine yog siv los ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws pH tus nqi yog 4 ~ 6.
Kev siv cov tshuaj chlorination hauv cov dej hiav txwv sib txawv ntawm cov dej tsis huv. Feem ntau muaj txog 65mg ntawm bromine hauv dej hiav txwv. Thaum cov dej hiav txwv raug kho nrog hydrogen, nws yuav xub hnov mob nrog hypochlorous acid los tsim hypobromous acid, yog li ntawd nws cov nyhuv bactericidal yog hypowet acid es tsis yog hypochlorous acid, thiab hypobromous acid yuav tsis decompose ntawm tus nqi siab dua pH. Yog li ntawd, cov nyhuv ntawm chlorination yog zoo dua nyob rau hauv cov dej brackish.
Vim tias daim nyias nyias ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw muaj qee qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine seem hauv dej, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom txo qis kev kho dechlorination tom qab chlorine sterilization.
4. Kev tswj cov kuab paug organic
Lub adsorption ntawm cov organic teeb meem ntawm daim nyias nyias yuav ua rau txo qis ntawm cov membrane flux, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hnyav, nws yuav ua rau irreversible poob ntawm daim nyias nyias flux thiab cuam tshuam rau cov tswv yim lub neej ntawm daim nyias nyias.
Rau cov dej saum npoo av, feem ntau ntawm cov dej yog cov khoom ntuj tsim, los ntawm coagulation clarification, DC coagulation pom thiab activated carbon filtration ua ke txheej txheem kev kho mob, tuaj yeem txo cov organic teeb meem hauv dej, kom ua tau raws li cov cai ntawm cov dej rov qab osmosis.
5. Concentration polarization tswj
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm rov qab osmosis, muaj qee zaum muaj siab concentration gradient ntawm cov dej concentrated ntawm daim nyias nyias thiab cov dej muaj zog, uas yog hu ua concentration polarization. Thaum qhov tshwm sim no tshwm sim, ib txheej ntawm cov ntsiab lus siab thiab qhov ruaj khov uas hu ua "cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb" yuav raug tsim nyob rau saum npoo ntawm daim nyias nyias, uas cuam tshuam qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem rov qab osmosis. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov concentration polarization yuav ua rau kom cov tshuaj permeable siab ntawm daim nyias nyias, thiab lub zog tsav ntawm cov txheej txheem rov qab osmosis yuav raug txo, uas ua rau txo cov dej tawm los thiab desalination tus nqi. Thaum cov concentration polarization loj heev, qee cov ntsev yaj me ntsis yuav los nag thiab teev rau ntawm daim nyias nyias. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj kev sib xyaw polarization, txoj kev ua tau zoo yog ua kom cov dej ntws ntawm cov dej muaj zog ib txwm tswj lub xeev muaj zog, uas yog, los ntawm kev ua kom cov dej ntws nkag mus kom nce tus nqi ntawm cov dej concentrated, kom cov concentration ntawm micro-solved. ntsev ntawm daim nyias nyias yog txo mus rau qhov qis tshaj tus nqi; Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab rov qab osmosis dej kho cov cuab yeej raug kaw, cov dej concentrated nyob rau sab ntawm cov dej uas tau hloov cov concentrated yuav tsum tau ntxuav hauv lub sijhawm.
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