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ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ʻino i loko o ka hale
ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka hale e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai i hana ʻia i ke ola o nā kamaʻāina o ke kūlanakauhale, i kūpono ia i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu a ʻaʻole e hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wai i loko o ka hale he ʻike ponoʻī, pili i ke olakino kanaka a me ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana o ke kaiapuni.
ʻO ka mea mua, aia ka nui o nā mea olaola a me nā microorganism i loko o ka wai lepo, inā e hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia i loko o ke kaiapuni, e hoʻohaumia nui ia i ke kino wai. ʻO kēia mau mea olaola a me nā microorganism e hoʻopau i ka oxygen i loko o ke kino wai, e hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka wai a pili i ke ola o ke ola wai. Eia kekahi, aia ka nui o ka naikokene, ka phosphorus a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe i loko o ka wai, inā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kino wai, e alakaʻi i ka wai eutrophy-causing algae blooms, e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai a me ke kaulike kaiaola.
ʻO ka lua, aia nā ʻano mea ʻino ʻē aʻe, e like me nā metala kaumaha, nā mea ola, nā koena lāʻau a pēlā aku. Inā hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia kēia mau mea i loko o ke kaiapuni, e hoʻohaumia lākou i nā kino wai a me ka lepo, a hoʻopilikia i nā kaiaola a me ke olakino kanaka. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe hale kahi mea nui e pale ai i ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino kanaka
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Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai. Loaʻa i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe hale ka nui o nā mea ola a me nā meaʻai, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i mea kanu organik a me biogas a me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe ma hope o ka mālama pono ʻana, i ʻike ai i ka hana hou ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai a hoʻemi i ka ʻai ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe.
ʻO ka wai ʻino i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻoiaʻiʻo, he wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō o ka wai ʻino i mālama ʻia, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea i hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia i loko o nā muliwai me ka mālama ʻole ʻia. ʻOi aku ka ʻino ma nā kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi.
ʻAʻole hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia nā feces a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā aia nā ana ohi.
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai ʻino he paʻakikī a ʻokoʻa, a paʻakikī i kekahi ʻano hana lapaʻau e hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe piha, a lawe pinepine i nā ʻano hana e hoʻokumu i ka ʻōnaehana mālama e hoʻokō i nā koi o ka mālama ʻana.
E like me ke kēkelē lapaʻau ʻokoʻa, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai i ka mālama mua, ka mālama lua a me ka mālama holomua.
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Hoʻopau wale ka lāʻau lapaʻau mua i nā mea paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka wai ʻino, ʻoi loa ma ke ʻano kino, a ʻaʻole hiki i ka wai ʻino i mālama ʻia ke kūpono i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu.
No ka'ōnaehana hana lua,ʻo ka hana mua ka hana mua. ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ka lāʻau olaola, hiki ke hoʻoneʻe nui i ka colloidal a me ka mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai ʻōpala, i kūpono ka wai ʻino i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ke kula kiʻekiʻe, aia kekahi mau mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā mea inorganic dissolved, ka nitrogen a me ka phosphorus a me nā meaʻai e hoʻonui ai i nā algae, a loaʻa nā maʻi maʻi a me nā bacteria.
No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i nā koi o nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, e like me ka mālama ʻana i ke kahe liʻiliʻi, hiki ke hoʻohaumia i ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻia o ka muliwai, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia e like me ka wai paila, ka wai ʻenehana a me ke kumu hoʻihoʻi wai. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kula ʻoi aku ka wehe ʻana i nā mea haumia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka mālama lua, e like me ka phosphorus, nitrogen a me nā mea haumia organik, nā mea haumia inorganic a me nā pathogens paʻakikī ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e ka biology. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kula kiʻekiʻe o ka wai ʻino he ʻano hana "hoʻomaʻamaʻa holomua" e hoʻohana hou i ke ʻano kemika (kemika oxidation, chemical precipitation, etc.) a me ke ʻano kino a me ke kemika (adsorption, ion exchange, membrane separation technology, etc.) e wehe i kekahi mau mea haumia. ma ke kumu o ka hana lua. ʻIke loa, he kumu kūʻai ka mālama kula kiʻekiʻe o ka wai ʻino, akā hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana piha i nā kumuwaiwai wai.
Hiki ke mālama pono ʻole ʻia ka wai ʻino a me ka ʻoihana i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻololi.
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Kumu Kumu
ʻO nā mea hoʻohana maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai
I ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai, pono mākou e hoʻohana i kēia mau mea hana:
(1) Oxidant: wai chlorine a chlorine dioxide a hydrogen peroxide,
(2) Defoaming agent: liʻiliʻi loa ka nui;
(3) Flocculant: polyaluminum chloride a i ʻole anionic a me ka cationic polyacrylamide, i ʻike ʻia ʻo anionic pam a i ʻole cationic pam,
(4) Mea ho'ēmi: ferrous sulfate hydrate a pēlā aku;
(5) Acid-base neutralization: sulfuric acid, quicklime, caustic soda, etc
(6) Nā mea hoʻoneʻe phosphorus kemika a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe.
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Nā ʻano hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā ʻenehana maʻamau
Ke ʻano kino: wehe i nā mea paʻa paʻa ʻole ʻia a me ka ʻaila i loko o ka wai ʻino ma o ka hana kino a i ʻole ka mīkini; ʻO ka kānana, ka ua, ka hoʻokaʻawale centrifugal, ka lana ʻana, etc.
ʻO ke ala kemika: hoʻohui i nā mea kemika, ma o nā hopena kemika, e hoʻololi i ke kino a i ʻole nā waiwai kino o nā mea hoʻohaumia i loko o ka wai ʻino, i hoʻololi ʻia i ke kūlana kemika a i ʻole ke kino, a laila wehe ʻia mai ka wai; Neutralization, oxidation, ho'ēmi, decomposition, flocculation, chemical precipitation, etc.
ʻO ke ʻano kemika kino: ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana holoʻokoʻa kino a me ke kemika e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wai ʻino; ʻO ka wehe ʻana, ka wehe ʻana, adsorption, extraction, ion exchange, electrolysis, electrodialysis, reverse dialysis, etc.
ʻO ke ala olaola: ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka microbial metabolism, ka oxidation a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mea haumia organik i loko o ka wai ʻino i loko o nā mea ʻino ʻole, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau biochemical, ʻo ia ke ʻano koʻikoʻi e mālama i ka wai ʻōpala organik; ʻO ka sludge i hoʻoulu ʻia, kānana biological, papa ʻaina ola, loko oxidation, anaerobic digestion, etc.
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Ma waena o lākou, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano o ka mālama ola ʻana o ka wai ʻino i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā microorganism i nā mea kūlohelohe paʻakikī i mea maʻalahi a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa i mea ʻaʻole i ʻona ma o ka hana ʻana o nā enzymes. E like me nā koi oxygen like ʻole o nā microorganism e pāʻani nei i ke kaʻina hana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mālama olaola i ʻelua mau ʻano: ke kinoea maikaʻi (oxygen) lāʻau olaola a me ka anaerobic (oxygen) mālama olaola. ʻO ka mālama kino kinoea maikaʻi ma ke alo o ka oxygen, ma ke kuleana o ka capillaria kinoea maikaʻi e hoʻokō. Ma o kā lākou mau hana ola ponoʻī - oxidation, hōʻemi, synthesis a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe, hoʻoheheʻe ka bacteria i ka ʻāpana o ka mea ola i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i mea maʻalahi inorganic (CO2, H2O, NO3-, PO43-, etc.) e loaʻa ai ka ikehu e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana a hana, a hoʻololi i ka ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka mea ola i loko o nā meaʻai e pono ai nā mea ola e hana i kā lākou ulu ponoʻī a hana hou. Hana ʻia ka mālama ola anaerobic i ka nele o ka oxygen e ka hana o nā microorganism anaerobic. Ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka bacteria anaerobic i ka mea olaola, pono lākou e kiʻi i ka oxygen mai CO2, NO3-, PO43- a pēlā aku e mālama i kā lākou pono ponoʻī no ka oxygen, no laila ʻo kā lākou huahana degradation ʻo CH4, H2S, NH3 a pēlā aku. No ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻōpala ma ke kaʻina hana olaola, pono e nānā mua ʻia ka biodegradability o nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai ʻōpala. ʻEkolu mau hiʻohiʻona nui: biodegradability, biotreatment condition, a me ka palena ʻae ʻia o ka pollutants i loaʻa ka hopena pale i ka hana microbial i ka wai ʻino. ʻO ka biodegradability e pili ana i ka nui, ma o nā hana ola o nā mea ola, hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano kemika o nā mea haumia, pēlā e hoʻololi ai i nā waiwai kemika a me ke kino o nā mea haumia. No ka maikaʻi kinoea lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka hiki o pollutants ke hoʻololi 'ia i CO2, H2O a me nā mea ola e microorganisms ma waena metabolites a me ka huli ana o ia pollutants ma lalo o maikai kinoea kūlana. Hiki i nā microorganisms ke hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi i nā mea hoʻohaumia organik wale nō ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana (kūlana meaʻai, kūlana kaiapuni, etc.). ʻO ke koho kūpono o ka meaʻai a me nā kūlana kaiapuni hiki ke hoʻomau i ka decomposition olaola me ka maʻalahi. Ma o ke aʻo ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ke olaola, hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka laulā o kēia mau kūlana, e like me ka pH, ka mahana, a me ka ratio o ka carbon, nitrogen, a me ka phosphorus.
I ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hana hou ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai wai, nānā nui ka poʻe i ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻano mea haumia nano-micron. ʻO nā mea haumia ʻāpana Nano-micron i loko o ka wai e pili ana i nā ʻāpana maikaʻi me ka nui ma lalo o 1um. ʻO kā lākou haku mele he mea paʻakikī loa, e like me nā minerala pālolo maikaʻi like ʻole, nā mea kūlohelohe synthetic, humus, ʻaila a me nā mea algae, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma ke ʻano he mea lawe me ka ikaika adsorption ikaika, hoʻopili pinepine nā mineral pālolo maikaʻi i nā ion metala kaumaha, nā mea pollutant organik, bacteria pathogenic a nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻili. Hiki i ka humus a me nā mea algae i loko o ka wai maoli ke hana i nā carcinogens hydrocarbon chlorinated me ka chlorine i ke kaʻina o ka chlorine disinfection i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau nano-micron particle pollutants ʻaʻole wale ka hopena pololei a i ʻole ka hopena pōʻino i ke olakino kanaka, akā ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui nei i nā kūlana o ka wai a hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, e like me ke kaʻina hana maʻamau o ka wai ʻōpala o ke kūlanakauhale. ʻO ka hopena, e lana ana ka floc o ka pahu sedimentation i luna a maʻalahi ke komo ʻana o ka pahu kānana, e hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka effluent a me ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai hana. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻenehana lapaʻau kuʻuna maʻamau ke wehe pono i kēia mau nano-micron pollutants i ka wai, a ʻo kekahi mau ʻenehana lapaʻau holomua e like me ka ultrafiltation membrane a me ka reverse osmosis he paʻakikī ke hoʻohana nui ʻia ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopukapuka a me ke kumukūʻai. No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi e noiʻi a hoʻomohala i ka ʻenehana mālama wai hou, kūpono a me ka hoʻokele waiwai.
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Mea hana hana
Pono nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale i nā ʻano mea like ʻole, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea lapaʻau:
1. Grille: hoʻohana ʻia e wehe i nā mea ʻala nui i loko o ka wai ʻino, e like me ka pepa, ka lole, etc.
2. Pahu hoʻoheheʻe one: hoʻohana ʻia e wehe i ke one a me ke one a me nā mea paʻa ʻē aʻe i loko o ka wai ʻino.
3. ʻO ka pahu hoʻoheheʻe: hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana, ʻo nā mea paʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a me nā sediment i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka wai ʻino e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka umekaumaha.
4. Ka pahu lele lele: hoʻohana ʻia no ka lapaʻau mua ʻana, lana ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ka wai ʻōpala ma o ka hana ʻana o nā ʻōhū, a laila wehe ʻia e ka ʻōpala.
5. Kānana: no ka lapaʻau mua ʻana, ma o ka mea kānana e wehe i nā mea paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā mea ola i loko o ka wai ʻino
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6. Hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i waena, ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka sludge a me ka oxygen, i hiki i nā microorganisms ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā mea ola i loko o ka wai ʻino.
7. Anaerobic digester: hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i waena, ma o ka hana ʻana o nā microorganism ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka mea ola i loko o ka wai ʻino i biogas.
8. Biofilm reactor: hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i waena, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka mea ola i loko o ka wai ʻōpala ma o ka hana biofilm.
9. kānana hohonu: hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻano mea ola mai ka wai ʻino ma o ka media kānana.
11. Ozone oxidation reactor: no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa holomua, ma o ka oxidation o ka ozone e wehe i nā mea ola i loko o ka wai ʻino.
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