ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ʻino i loko o ka hale

ʻO nā mea hoʻohana maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai

I ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai, pono mākou e hoʻohana i kēia mau mea hana:

(1) Oxidant: wai chlorine a chlorine dioxide a hydrogen peroxide,

(2) Defoaming agent: liʻiliʻi loa ka nui;

(3) Flocculant: polyaluminum chloride a i ʻole anionic a me ka cationic polyacrylamide, i ʻike ʻia ʻo anionic pam a i ʻole cationic pam,

(4) Mea ho'ēmi: ferrous sulfate hydrate a pēlā aku;

(5) Acid-base neutralization: sulfuric acid, quicklime, caustic soda, etc

(6) Nā mea hoʻoneʻe phosphorus kemika a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe.

Ke ʻano kino: wehe i nā mea paʻa paʻa ʻole ʻia a me ka ʻaila i loko o ka wai ʻino ma o ka hana kino a i ʻole ka mīkini; ʻO ka kānana, ka ua, ka hoʻokaʻawale centrifugal, ka lana ʻana, etc.

ʻO ke ala kemika: hoʻohui i nā mea kemika, ma o nā hopena kemika, e hoʻololi i ke kino a i ʻole nā ​​waiwai kino o nā mea hoʻohaumia i loko o ka wai ʻino, i hoʻololi ʻia i ke kūlana kemika a i ʻole ke kino, a laila wehe ʻia mai ka wai; Neutralization, oxidation, ho'ēmi, decomposition, flocculation, chemical precipitation, etc.

ʻO ke ʻano kemika kino: ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana holoʻokoʻa kino a me ke kemika e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wai ʻino; ʻO ka wehe ʻana, ka wehe ʻana, adsorption, extraction, ion exchange, electrolysis, electrodialysis, reverse dialysis, etc.

ʻO ke ala olaola: ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka microbial metabolism, ka oxidation a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā mea haumia organik i loko o ka wai ʻino i loko o nā mea ʻino ʻole, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau biochemical, ʻo ia ke ʻano koʻikoʻi e mālama i ka wai ʻōpala organik; ʻO ka sludge i hoʻoulu ʻia, kānana biological, papa ʻaina ola, loko oxidation, anaerobic digestion, etc.

Ma waena o lākou, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano o ka mālama ola ʻana o ka wai ʻino i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā microorganism i nā mea kūlohelohe paʻakikī i mea maʻalahi a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa i mea ʻaʻole i ʻona ma o ka hana ʻana o nā enzymes. E like me nā koi oxygen like ʻole o nā microorganism e pāʻani nei i ke kaʻina hana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mālama olaola i ʻelua mau ʻano: ke kinoea maikaʻi (oxygen) lāʻau olaola a me ka anaerobic (oxygen) mālama olaola. ʻO ka mālama kino kinoea maikaʻi ma ke alo o ka oxygen, ma ke kuleana o ka capillaria kinoea maikaʻi e hoʻokō. Ma o kā lākou mau hana ola ponoʻī - oxidation, hōʻemi, synthesis a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe, hoʻoheheʻe ka bacteria i ka ʻāpana o ka mea ola i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i mea maʻalahi inorganic (CO2, H2O, NO3-, PO43-, etc.) e loaʻa ai ka ikehu e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana a hana, a hoʻololi i ka ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka mea ola i loko o nā meaʻai e pono ai nā mea ola e hana i kā lākou ulu ponoʻī a hana hou. Hana ʻia ka mālama ola anaerobic i ka nele o ka oxygen e ka hana o nā microorganism anaerobic. Ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka bacteria anaerobic i ka mea olaola, pono lākou e kiʻi i ka oxygen mai CO2, NO3-, PO43- a pēlā aku e mālama i kā lākou pono ponoʻī no ka oxygen, no laila ʻo kā lākou huahana degradation ʻo CH4, H2S, NH3 a pēlā aku. No ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻōpala ma ke kaʻina hana olaola, pono e nānā mua ʻia ka biodegradability o nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai ʻōpala. ʻEkolu mau hiʻohiʻona nui: biodegradability, biotreatment condition, a me ka palena ʻae ʻia o ka pollutants i loaʻa ka hopena pale i ka hana microbial i ka wai ʻino. ʻO ka biodegradability e pili ana i ka nui, ma o nā hana ola o nā mea ola, hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano kemika o nā mea haumia, pēlā e hoʻololi ai i nā waiwai kemika a me ke kino o nā mea haumia. No ka maikaʻi kinoea lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ka hiki o pollutants ke hoʻololi 'ia i CO2, H2O a me nā mea ola e microorganisms ma waena metabolites a me ka huli ana o ia pollutants ma lalo o maikai kinoea kūlana. Hiki i nā microorganisms ke hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi i nā mea hoʻohaumia organik wale nō ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana (kūlana meaʻai, kūlana kaiapuni, etc.). ʻO ke koho kūpono o ka meaʻai a me nā kūlana kaiapuni hiki ke hoʻomau i ka decomposition olaola me ka maʻalahi. Ma o ke aʻo ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ke olaola, hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka laulā o kēia mau kūlana, e like me ka pH, ka mahana, a me ka ratio o ka carbon, nitrogen, a me ka phosphorus.

I ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hana hou ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai wai, nānā nui ka poʻe i ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻano mea haumia nano-micron. ʻO nā mea haumia ʻāpana Nano-micron i loko o ka wai e pili ana i nā ʻāpana maikaʻi me ka nui ma lalo o 1um. ʻO kā lākou haku mele he mea paʻakikī loa, e like me nā minerala pālolo maikaʻi like ʻole, nā mea kūlohelohe synthetic, humus, ʻaila a me nā mea algae, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ma ke ʻano he mea lawe me ka ikaika adsorption ikaika, hoʻopili pinepine nā mineral pālolo maikaʻi i nā ion metala kaumaha, nā mea pollutant organik, bacteria pathogenic a nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻili. Hiki i ka humus a me nā mea algae i loko o ka wai maoli ke hana i nā carcinogens hydrocarbon chlorinated me ka chlorine i ke kaʻina o ka chlorine disinfection i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau nano-micron particle pollutants ʻaʻole wale ka hopena pololei a i ʻole ka hopena pōʻino i ke olakino kanaka, akā ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui nei i nā kūlana o ka wai a hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, e like me ke kaʻina hana maʻamau o ka wai ʻōpala o ke kūlanakauhale. ʻO ka hopena, e lana ana ka floc o ka pahu sedimentation i luna a maʻalahi ke komo ʻana o ka pahu kānana, e hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka effluent a me ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai hana. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻenehana lapaʻau kuʻuna maʻamau ke wehe pono i kēia mau nano-micron pollutants i ka wai, a ʻo kekahi mau ʻenehana lapaʻau holomua e like me ka ultrafiltation membrane a me ka reverse osmosis he paʻakikī ke hoʻohana nui ʻia ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopukapuka a me ke kumukūʻai. No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi e noiʻi a hoʻomohala i ka ʻenehana mālama wai hou, kūpono a me ka hoʻokele waiwai.