0102030405
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻamaʻa wai ʻoihana Reverse Osmosis Plant Process
Hoʻolauna Pāhana
Ke kumu o ka ʻōnaehana reverse osmosis
Ma kahi mahana, hoʻohana ʻia kahi membrane semi-permeable e hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai hou mai ka paʻakai. Holo ka wai hou i ka paʻakai ma o ka membrane semi-permeable. Ke piʻi aʻe ka pae wai ma ka ʻaoʻao paʻakai o ka ventricle ʻākau, hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi kaomi e pale ai i ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai hou mai ka ventricle hema i ka ʻaoʻao paʻakai, a hiki i ke kaulike. ʻO ke kaomi kaulike i kēia manawa ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka osmotic pressure o ka hopena, a ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano osmosis. Inā hoʻopili ʻia kahi kaomi o waho ma mua o ka puʻe osmotic i ka ʻaoʻao paʻakai o ka ventricle ʻākau, e neʻe ka wai i loko o ka wai paʻakai o ka ventricle ʻākau i ka wai hou o ka ventricle hema ma o ka membrane semi-permeable, i hiki ai i ka wai hou. hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wai mai ka wai paʻakai. ʻO kēia hanana ka mea kū'ē i ka hanana permeability, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka reverse permeability phenomenon.
No laila, ʻo ke kumu o ka ʻōnaehana desalination reverse osmosis
(1) ʻO ke koho koho o ka membrane semi-permeable, ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻokuʻu i ka wai i loko akā ʻaʻole e ʻae i ka paʻakai;
(2) ʻOi aku ka ikaika o waho o ke keʻena paʻakai ma mua o ke kaomi osmotic o ke keʻena paʻakai a me ke keʻena wai hou, e hāʻawi ana i ka ikaika o ka wai e neʻe mai ke keʻena paʻakai i ke keʻena wai hou. Hōʻike ʻia nā kaomi osmotic maʻamau no kekahi mau haʻina ma ka papa ma lalo.
Ua kapa ʻia ka membrane semi-permeable ma luna e hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai hou mai ka wai paʻakai. Hana ʻia ka membrane reverse osmosis me nā mea polymer. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka membrane reverse osmosis i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kanu wela ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻohui polyamide aromatic.
ʻO ka RO (Reverse Osmosis) ka ʻenehana reverse osmosis he mea hoʻokaʻawale membrane a me ka ʻenehana kānana i hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka ʻokoʻa kaomi. He liʻiliʻi kona pore e like me ka nanometer (1 nanometer = 10-9 mika). Ma lalo o kekahi kaomi, hiki i nā molekala H20 ke hele i loko o ka membrane RO, nā paʻakai Inorganic, nā ion metala kaumaha, nā mea olaola, colloids, bacteria, viruses a me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe i loko o ka wai kumu ʻaʻole hiki ke hele i loko o ka membrane RO, no laila ka wai maʻemaʻe hiki ke hele. a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wai koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole hiki ke hele i loko.
I nā noi ʻoihana, hoʻohana nā mea kanu reverse osmosis i nā mea hana kūikawā e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke kaʻina hana osmosis. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā ʻōnaehana reverse osmosis e mālama i ka nui o ka wai a hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻoihana like ʻole me ka mahiʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka hana ʻana. ʻO nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kēia mau ʻōnaehana i hoʻolālā pono ʻia e hōʻoia i ke kaʻina hana reverse osmosis i kūpono a maikaʻi i ka hana ʻana i ka wai hou mai nā kumu wai paʻakai.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana reverse osmosis he ʻenehana koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka wai kai, hiki ke hāʻawi i ka wai hou i nā wahi i liʻiliʻi ka wai a i ʻole nā kumu wai maʻamau. Ke holomua nei ka ʻenehana reverse osmosis a me ka ʻenehana, ʻo ke kaʻina kaʻina hana i ka hopena koʻikoʻi no ka nele o ka wai a me nā pilikia maikaʻi a puni ka honua.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka membrane reverse osmosis:
ʻO ke kuhikuhi a me nā hiʻohiʻona kaʻawale o ka wehe ʻana o ka membrane
ʻO ka membrane reverse osmosis maʻamau ka membrane asymmetric, aia ka papa honua a me ka papa kākoʻo, aia ke kuhikuhi a me ke koho. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo directivity e kau i ka ʻili o ka membrane i ka brine kiʻekiʻe no ka desalting, hoʻonui ke kaomi i ka wai membrane permeability, piʻi ka desalting rate; Ke hoʻokomoʻia ka papa kākoʻo o ka membrane i loko o ka brine kiʻekiʻe,ʻo ka helu desalination kokoke i ka 0 me ka piʻiʻana o ke kaomi, akā, ua hoʻonui nuiʻia ka wai permeability. Ma muli o kēia kuhikuhi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i hope ke hoʻohana ʻia.
ʻAʻole like nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale o ka reverse osmosis no nā ion a me nā mea organik i ka wai, hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia penei
(1) ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea organik ma mua o nā mea ʻokoʻa
(2) He maʻalahi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā electrolytes ma mua o nā electrolytes ʻole. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā electrolytes me nā uku kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo kā lākou hoʻoneʻe ʻana ma ke ʻano maʻamau. Fe3+> Ca2+> Na+ PO43-> S042-> C | - no ka electrolyte, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mole, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wehe.
(3) ʻO ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o nā ion inorganic e pili ana i ka hydrate a me ka radius o nā ion hydrated i loko o ka ion hydration state. ʻO ka nui o ka radius o ka ion hydrated, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wehe ʻana. Penei ke kauoha o ka wehe ana.
Mg2+, Ca2+> Li+ > Na+ > K+; F-> C|-> Br-> NO3-
(4) Nā lula hoʻokaʻawale o nā mea ola polar:
Aldehyde > Alcohol > Amine > Acid, amine tertiary > Secondary amine > Primary amine, citric acid > Tartaric acid > Malic acid > Lactic acid > Acetic acid
ʻO nā holomua hou o ka mālama ʻana i ke kinoea hoʻoheheʻe e hōʻike ana i ka holomua nui i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia kaiapuni ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i nā manawa no nā ʻoihana e holomua ma ke ʻano hoʻomau. Loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi o kēia ʻano hana hou i ka hana o ka mālama kinoea a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni me kāna ʻōlelo hoʻohiki no ka hana kiʻekiʻe, nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka pollution lua ʻole.
(5) Hoʻohui i nā isomers: tert- > ʻokoʻa (iso-)> Zhong (sec-)> Kumu (pri-)
(6) Maikaʻi ka hana hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka paʻakai sodium o ka mea ola, ʻoiai ke hōʻike nei nā mea lālani phenol a me phenol i ka hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ʻole. Ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻonā wai o ka polar a i ʻole polar, dissociated a i ʻole non-dissociated organic solutes e ka membrane, e hoʻoholo ka mana o ka pilina ma waena o ka solute, solvent a me ka membrane i ka koho koho o ka membrane. ʻO kēia mau hopena e pili ana i ka ikaika electrostatic, hydrogen bond binding force, hydrophobicity a me ka hoʻoili uila.
(7) ʻO ka mea maʻamau, liʻiliʻi ka hopena o nā solutes i nā waiwai kino a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoili o ka membrane. ʻO ka phenol wale nō a i ʻole kekahi mau mea hoʻohuihui kinona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hoʻonui ai i ka cellulose acetate i loko o ka wai. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau ʻāpana e hoʻemi i ka kahe wai o ka membrane, i kekahi manawa he nui.
(8) ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka hopena o ka lawe ʻana o ka nitrate, perchlorate, cyanide a me ka thiocyanate e like me ka chloride, a ʻo ka hopena o ka paʻakai ammonium ʻaʻole maikaʻi e like me ka paʻakai sodium.
(9) Hiki ke hoʻoneʻe maikaʻi ʻia ka hapa nui o nā ʻāpana me ka nui molekala pili ma mua o 150, inā he electrolyte a i ʻole electrolyte.
Eia kekahi, he ʻokoʻa ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka membrane reverse osmosis no nā hydrocarbons aromatic, cycloalkanes, alkanes a me ka sodium chloride.
(2) Pumi Pumi Kiekie
I ka hana o ka reverse osmosis membrane, pono e hoʻouna ʻia ka wai i ke kaomi i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka pamu kaomi kiʻekiʻe e hoʻopau i ke kaʻina desalting. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka pauma kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mea kanu wela he centrifugal, plunger a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, i waena o ia, ʻo ka multi-stage centrifugal pump ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia. Hiki i kēia ke piʻi aku ma mua o 90% a mālama i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻano pamu e ka hana kiʻekiʻe.
(3) Reverse osmosis ontology
ʻO ka reverse osmosis body kahi hui mālama wai hui e hui a hoʻohui i nā ʻāpana membrane osmosis reverse me nā paipu i kahi hoʻonohonoho. Ua kapa ʻia kahi membrane reverse osmosis he mea membrane. Hoʻopili ʻia kahi helu ʻike o nā ʻāpana membrane reverse osmosis e like me kekahi mau koi ʻenehana a hui pū ʻia me kahi pūpū osmosis reverse osmosis hoʻokahi e hana i kahi ʻāpana membrane.
1. ʻEleme membrane
Reverse osmosis membrane element He ʻāpana kumu i hana ʻia me ka membrane osmosis reverse a me nā mea kākoʻo me ka hana hoʻohana ʻoihana. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea coil membrane i nā mea mana wela.
I kēia manawa, hana nā mea hana membrane i nā ʻano ʻāpana membrane no nā mea hoʻohana ʻoihana like ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea membrane i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā mea kanu wela i: kiʻekiʻe ka wai kai desalination hoʻohuli i nā mea membrane osmosis; ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka wai paʻakai e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea membrane hoʻohuli; ʻEleme membrane anti-fouling.
ʻO nā pono kumu no nā mea membrane:
A. Kiʻiʻoniʻoni packing density kiʻekiʻe i hiki.
B. ʻAʻole maʻalahi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka polarization
C. Ka ikaika anti-pollution hiki
D. He mea maʻalahi ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻololi i ka membrane
E. He emi ke kumukuai
2. Membrane pūpū
ʻO ka moku kaomi i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka mea o ka reverse osmosis membrane i loko o ke kino osmosis reverse i kapa ʻia ʻo membrane shell, ʻike pū ʻia ʻo "pressure vessel" ʻoihana hana ʻo Haide energy, ʻo kēlā me kēia moku kaomi ma kahi o 7 mika ka lōʻihi.
ʻO ka pūpū o ka pūpū kiʻiʻoniʻoni he mea maʻamau i hana ʻia me ka epoxy glass fiber i hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka lole plastik, a ʻo ka pulupulu waho he pena epoxy. Aia kekahi mau mea hana i nā huahana no ke kila kila kila. Ma muli o ka ikaika o ka corrosion kū'ē o FRP, koho ka hapa nui o ka mana wela i ka FRP film shell. ʻO ka mea o ka ipu kaomi ʻo FRP.
ʻO nā mea pili i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana mālama wai reverse osmosis:
No nā kūlana ʻōnaehana kikoʻī, ʻo ka kahe wai a me ka desalting rate nā hiʻohiʻona o ka membrane reverse osmosis, a he nui nā mea e pili ana i ka kahe o ka wai a me ka desalting rate o ka reverse osmosis kino, ʻo ia hoʻi me ke kaomi, ka mahana, ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana, ka salinity a me ka waiwai pH.
(1) Ka hopena kaomi
ʻO ke kaomi inlet o ka reverse osmosis membrane pili pono i ka membrane flux a me ka desalting rate o reverse osmosis membrane. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka membrane flux he pilina laina me ke kaomi inlet o ka reverse osmosis. He pilina laina ko ka desalination rate me ke kaomi ikaika, akā, ke pi'i ke kaomi i kekahi waiwai, he palahalaha ka pihi ho'ololi o ka desalination rate a 'a'ole e pi'i hou ka helu desalination.
(2) Ka hopena wela
Ke emi nei ka helu desalting me ka piʻi ʻana o ka wela inlet o ka reverse osmosis. Eia naʻe, ʻaneʻane e hoʻonui ʻia ke kahe o ka wai. ʻO ke kumu nui ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana, e emi ana ka viscosity o nā molekele wai a ikaika ka mana diffusion, no laila e piʻi ka wai. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, e hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka paʻakai e hele ana i ka membrane osmosis reverse, no laila e hoʻemi ʻia ka helu desalination. ʻO ka wela o ka wai maka he papa kuhikuhi koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana reverse osmosis. No ka laʻana, i ka wā e hoʻololi ʻia ana ka mana o ka ʻenehana reverse osmosis, ua helu ʻia ka mahana wai o ka wai maka i loko o ka hoʻolālā e like me 25 ℃, a ʻo ke kaomi inlet helu ʻia ʻo 1.6MPa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mahana o ka wai i ka hana maoli o ka ʻōnaehana he 8 ℃ wale nō, a pono e hoʻonui ʻia ke kaomi inlet i 2.0MPa e hōʻoia i ka holo ʻana o ka wai hou. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻonui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu o ka hana ʻōnaehana, hoʻopōkole ʻia ke ola o ke apo seal o loko o ka ʻāpana membrane o ka mea osmosis reverse, a hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i nā mea hana.
(3) Ka hopena o ka paʻakai
ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka paʻakai i loko o ka wai he kuhikuhi koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ke kaomi osmotic membrane, a piʻi ka paʻakai osmotic membrane me ka piʻi ʻana o ka paʻakai. Ma lalo o ke kūlana i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia ke kaomi inlet o ka reverse osmosis, piʻi ka paʻakai o ka wai inlet. Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka puʻe osmotic e hoʻopau i kahi ʻāpana o ka ikaika inlet, e emi ana ka flux a me ka emi ʻana o ka desalination rate.
(4) Ka hopena o ka ho'ōla hou
ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka helu hoʻihoʻi o ka ʻōnaehana reverse osmosis e alakaʻi i kahi mea paʻakai kiʻekiʻe o ka wai inlet o ka mea membrane ma ke ala kahe, e hopena i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaomi osmotic. Hoʻopau kēia i ka hopena hoʻokele o ke kaomi wai inlet o ka reverse osmosis, no laila e hōʻemi ana i ka kahe o ka wai. ʻO ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka paʻakai i loko o ka wai inlet o ka mea membrane e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka paʻakai i loko o ka wai hou, pēlā e ho'ēmi ai i ka helu desalination. I ka hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana, ʻaʻole hilinaʻi ka nui o ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana reverse osmosis i ka palena o ke kaomi osmotic, akā pili pinepine i ka haku mele a me ka ʻike o ka paʻakai i loko o ka wai maka, no ka mea me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka helu hoʻihoʻi, nā paʻakai micro-soluble. e like me ka calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate a me ke silika e unahiʻi i ke kaʻina hana.
(5) Ka hopena o ka waiwai pH
ʻOkoʻa loa ka pae pH e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻano membrane like ʻole. No ka laʻana, paʻa ke kahe o ka wai a me ka desalination o ka membrane acetate i ka laulā o ka pH waiwai 4-8, a ua hoʻopilikia nui ʻia i ka pae o ka waiwai pH ma lalo o 4 a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 8. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hapa nui o ʻO nā mea membrane i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻenehana he mau mea i hoʻohui ʻia, e hoʻopili ana i kahi ākea pH ākea ākea (hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia ka waiwai pH ma ke ʻano o 3 ~ 10 i ka hana mau ʻana, a paʻa ka paʻa o ka membrane flux a me ka desalination rate i kēia pae. .
ʻO ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka membrane osmosis:
He ʻokoʻa ka kānana ʻana o ka osmosis membrane mai ka kānana moena kānana, ʻo ka moena kānana ka kānana piha, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka wai maka a pau ma ka papa kānana. ʻO ka kānana ʻana o ka osmosis membrane he ʻano kānana cross-flow, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo kahi hapa o ka wai i loko o ka wai maka e hele i loko o ka membrane ma ke ala kū me ka membrane. I kēia manawa, hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā paʻakai a me nā mea haumia like ʻole e ka membrane, a lawe ʻia e ke koena o ka wai maka e kahe like ana me ka ʻili membrane, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau loa ʻia nā mea haumia. Ke hele nei ka manawa, ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka pollutants koena i ka haumia element membrane. A ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā mea haumia wai maka a me ka helu hoʻihoʻi, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka pollution membrane.
1. Ka hoomalu unahi
Ke hoʻomau mau ʻia nā paʻakai insoluble i loko o ka wai maka i loko o ka mea membrane a ʻoi aku i ko lākou palena solubility, e hoʻoheheʻe lākou ma ka ʻili o ka membrane osmosis reverse, i kapa ʻia ʻo "scaling". Ke hoʻoholo ʻia ke kumu wai, e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana reverse osmosis, piʻi ka pilikia o ka scaling. I kēia manawa, he mea maʻamau ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kumukūʻai hana hou ma muli o ka nele o ka wai a i ʻole nā hopena kūlohelohe o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai ʻino. I kēia hihia, he mea koʻikoʻi nā hana hoʻomalu scaling noʻonoʻo. Ma ka ʻōnaehana osmosis hoʻohuli, ʻo nā paʻakai refractory maʻamau ʻo CaCO3, CaSO4 a me Si02, a ʻo nā pūhui ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hana i ka unahi ʻo CaF2, BaS04, SrS04 a me Ca3(PO4)2. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o ka pale ʻana i ka unahi ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mea paʻi paona. ʻO nā mea paʻi paʻi i hoʻohana ʻia ma kaʻu papa hana ʻo Nalco PC191 a me ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika NP200.
2.Control OF colloidal a me ka paʻa palaka contamination
Hiki i ka colloid a me ka particle fouling ke hoʻopilikia nui i ka hana o ka reverse osmosis membrane element, e like me ka emi nui o ka wai hou, i kekahi manawa e hoʻemi i ka desalination rate, ʻo ka hōʻailona mua o ka colloid a me ka particle fouling ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka inlet a puka o nā ʻāpana membrane reverse osmosis.
ʻO ke ala maʻamau e hoʻokolokolo ai i ka colloid wai a me nā ʻāpana i loko o nā mea membrane reverse osmosis ʻo ke ana ʻana i ka waiwai SDI o ka wai, i kapa ʻia i kekahi manawa ka waiwai F (index pollution), ʻo ia kekahi o nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi e nānā i ka hana o ka reverse osmosis pretreatment system. .
ʻO SDI (silt density index) ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wikiwiki kānana wai i kēlā me kēia manawa e hōʻike ai i ka haumia o ka maikaʻi o ka wai. E pili ana ka nui o ka colloid a me ka particulate i ka wai i ka nui SDI. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka waiwai SDI e ka mea hana SDI.
3. Ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻohaumia microbial membrane
ʻO nā microorganisms i loko o ka wai maka ka nui o ka bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses a me nā mea ola ʻē aʻe. I ke kaʻina hana o ka reverse osmosis, e hoʻomau mau ʻia nā microorganisms a me nā meaʻai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai a hoʻonui ʻia i loko o ka mea membrane, i lilo i wahi kūpono a me ke kaʻina hana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka biofilm. ʻO ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o nā ʻāpana membrane reverse osmosis e hoʻopilikia koʻikoʻi i ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana reverse osmosis. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa puʻe ma waena o ka inlet a me ka puka o nā ʻāpana reverse osmosis e piʻi wikiwiki, e hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka wai o nā ʻāpana membrane. I kekahi manawa, hiki mai ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ke ola ma ka ʻaoʻao hana wai, e hopena i ka hoʻopōʻino ʻia o ka wai huahana. No ka laʻana, i ka mālama ʻana i nā hāmeʻa reverse osmosis i kekahi mau mea kanu wela, ʻike ʻia ka moss ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma nā mea membrane a me nā paipu wai hou, ʻo ia ka pollument microbial maʻamau.
Ke hoʻohaumia ʻia ka mea membrane e nā microorganism a hana i ka biofilm, paʻakikī loa ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka mea membrane. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā biofilms ʻaʻole i wehe loa ʻia e ulu hou i nā microorganisms. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā microorganism kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻamaʻa osmosis reverse me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai kai, ka wai ʻili a me ka wai ʻino i kumu wai.
ʻO nā ala nui e pale ai i nā microorganisms membrane: chlorine, microfiltration a i ʻole ultrafiltration treatment, ozone oxidation, ultraviolet sterilization, hoʻohui i ka sodium bisulfite. ʻO nā ʻano hana maʻamau i loko o ka ʻōnaehana mālama wai wai wela ka chlorination sterilization a me ka ʻenehana mālama wai ultrafiltration ma mua o ka reverse osmosis.
Ma ke ʻano he sterilizing agent, hiki i ka chlorine ke hoʻopau koke i nā microorganism pathogenic. ʻO ka pono o ka chlorine e pili ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka chlorine, ka pH o ka wai, a me ka manawa pili. I nā noi ʻenekinia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka chlorine i loko o ka wai ma mua o 0.5 ~ 1.0mg, a ʻo ka manawa pane e hoʻomalu ʻia ma 20 ~ 30min. Pono e hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano o ka chlorine ma o ka debugging, no ka mea, e hoʻopau pū ka mea organik i ka wai i ka chlorine. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Chlorine no ka sterilization, a ʻo ka waiwai pH kūpono maikaʻi loa ʻo 4 ~ 6.
ʻOkoʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka chlorination i loko o nā ʻōnaehana wai kai mai ka wai paʻakai. Aia ma kahi o 65mg o ka bromine i loko o ka wai kai. Ke hana kemika i ka wai kai me ka hydrogen, e hana mua ia me ka waikawa hypochlorous e hana i ka waika hypobromous, no laila, ʻo kona hopena bactericidal he waika hypowet ma mua o ka waika hypochlorous, a ʻaʻole e decompose ka waika hypobromous i ka waiwai pH kiʻekiʻe. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena o ka chlorination ma mua o ka wai paʻakai.
No ka mea ʻo ka mea membrane o ka mea composite kekahi mau koi i ke koena o ka chlorine i loko o ka wai, pono ia e hoʻokō i ka mālama hoʻemi dechlorination ma hope o ka sterilization chlorine.
4. Ka hoomalu ana i ka pollution organik
ʻO ka adsorption o nā mea organik ma ka ʻili o ka membrane e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka flux membrane, a i nā hihia koʻikoʻi, e hoʻopau ʻia ka nalowale o ka membrane flux a pili i ke ola pono o ka membrane.
No ka wai ili, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka wai nā huahana kūlohelohe, ma o ka coagulation clarification, DC coagulation filtration a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ke kalapona kānana i hui pū ʻia ke kaʻina hana, hiki ke hōʻemi nui i ka mea kūlohelohe i ka wai, e hoʻokō i nā koi o ka wai osmosis reverse.
5. Ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka polarization
I ke kaʻina hana o ka reverse osmosis, aia i kekahi manawa ke kiʻekiʻe o ka neʻe ʻana ma waena o ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka ʻili membrane a me ka wai ikaika, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka polarization. Ke hiki mai kēia hanana, e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papa o ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻa i kapa ʻia ʻo "critical layer" ma luna o ka ʻili o ka membrane, kahi e pale ai i ka hoʻokō pono ʻana o ke kaʻina hana osmosis. ʻO kēia no ka mea e hoʻonui ka polarization i ka hopena permeable pressure ma ka ʻili o ka membrane, a e hoʻemi ʻia ka ikaika hoʻokele o ke kaʻina osmosis reverse, e hopena i ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka wai a me ka desalination rate. Ke koʻikoʻi ka polarization, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kekahi mau paʻakai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili membrane. I mea e pale aku ai i ka polarization, ʻo ke ʻano kūpono e hana i ka kahe o ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e mālama mau i kahi kūlana kūpilikiʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kahe o ka inlet e hoʻonui i ka kahe o ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, i hiki ai i ka neʻe o ka micro-dissolved. hoʻemi ʻia ka paʻakai ma ka ʻili membrane i ka waiwai haʻahaʻa; Eia kekahi, ma hope o ka pani ʻia ʻana o ka mea hoʻōla wai osmosis reverse, pono e holoi ʻia ka wai paʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka wai i hoʻololi ʻia i ka manawa.
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