0102030405
Membrane Bioreactor MBR Package System Sewage Wastewater Treatment Plant
ʻO ke kumu hana o ka mbr membrane bioreactor
ʻO ka MBR membrane bioreactor (MBR) kahi ala hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai maikaʻi e hoʻohui i ka ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale membrane a me ka ʻenehana mālama olaola. Hoʻokumu nui ʻia kāna kumu hana ma luna o nā kumu aʻe:
ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale membrane: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka membrane MBR e ka ultrafiltration a i ʻole ka ʻenehana membrane microfiltration, e pani ana i ka pahu sedimentation lua a me ka hui kānana maʻamau i ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe kuʻuna. Hiki i kēia ʻenehana ke hoʻopaʻa pono i ka sludge i hoʻāla ʻia a me ka macromolecular organic matter, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale wai paʻa.
![mbr membrane bioreactor system (1)6h0](https://ecdn6.globalso.com/upload/p/971/image_other/2024-06/mbr-membrane-bioreactor-system-1.jpg)
ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka wai paʻa kiʻekiʻe: ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai paʻa-wai kiʻekiʻe o ka MBR membrane bioreactor e hana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai effluent maikaʻi, ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a me ka turbidity kokoke i ka zero, a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā mea haumia ola e like me E. coli. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka effluent ma hope o ka mālama ʻana ma mua o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai maʻamau, a he ʻenehana hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka wai ʻōpala.
ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hopena lapaʻau: ʻO ke kaʻina MBR membrane e hoʻoikaika nui i ka hana o ka bioreactor ma o ka ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale membrane, a ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻenehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai hou e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano hana lapaʻau kuʻuna. Loaʻa iā ia nā pōmaikaʻi e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea haumia, kūpaʻa ikaika i ka pehu sludge, kūpaʻa a hilinaʻi ka maikaʻi o ka effluent.
![mbr membrane bioreactor system (2)sy0](https://ecdn6.globalso.com/upload/p/971/image_other/2024-06/mbr-membrane-bioreactor-system-2.jpg)
Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā lako: ʻO nā ʻano o ka MBR membrane kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka hale i loko o ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o nā mea haumia, ke kūpaʻa ikaika ʻana i ka pehu ʻana o ka sludge, kūpaʻa a hilinaʻi ka maikaʻi o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe, ka pani ʻana o ka membrane e pale aku i ka nalowale o nā microorganisms, a hiki i ka nui o ka lepo. e mālama ʻia i loko o ka bioreactor.
ʻO ka bioreactor membrane MBR ma o nā loina i luna, e hoʻokō i ka hopena hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi a paʻa, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka hale, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wai ʻoihana a me nā māla ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka MBR membrane bioreactor
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana bioreactor membrane (MBR) ka mea maʻamau i nā ʻāpana penei:
1. Punawai komo wai: ua lako ka luawai me ka puka kahe a me ka puka komo wai. Inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai ma mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana a i ʻole he pōʻino ka ʻōnaehana lapaʻau, ua pani ʻia ka puka komo wai, a hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻia ka wai i loko o ka muliwai a i ʻole ka ʻupena paipu municipal kokoke i ke awa overflow.
2. Grid: Loaʻa pinepine ka ʻōpala i ka nui o nā ʻōpala, i mea e hōʻoia ai i ka hana maʻamau o ka bioreactor membrane, pono e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻano o nā fibers, slag, pepa ʻōpala a me nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe ma waho o ka ʻōnaehana, no laila pono e hoʻonohonoho. ka pahu ma mua o ka ʻōnaehana, a hoʻomaʻemaʻe mau i ka slag grid.
![mbr membrane bioreactor system (3)g5s](https://ecdn6.globalso.com/upload/p/971/image_other/2024-06/mbr-membrane-bioreactor-system-3.jpg)
3.Regulation tank: Hoʻololi ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o ka wai i hōʻiliʻili ʻia me ka manawa. I mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka hana maʻamau o ka ʻōnaehana mālama hope a hoʻemi i ka ukana hana, pono e hoʻoponopono i ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o ka wai, no laila ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka pahu hoʻoponopono ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana mālama ola. Pono e ho'oma'ema'e mau 'ia ka pahu ho'oma'ema'e me ka sediment. Hoʻonohonoho maʻamau ka wai hoʻoponopono i ka overflow, hiki ke hōʻoia i ka hana maʻamau o ka ʻōnaehana ke nui loa ka ukana.
4. ʻOhi lauoho: I loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻamaʻa wai, no ka mea, ʻo ka wai ʻauʻau i hōʻiliʻili ʻia he wahi liʻiliʻi o ka lauoho a me ka fiber a me nā ʻōpala maikaʻi ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili loa i ka pā, e hoʻopiʻi ia i ka pā a me ka MBR reactor, a laila e hōʻemi i ka ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana, no laila ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka bioreactor membrane i hana ʻia e kā mākou hui.
5. MBR reaction tank: Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia nā mea haumia organik a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka lepo a me ka wai i loko o ka pahu hopena MBR. Ma ke ʻano nui o ka ʻōnaehana lapaʻau, ʻo ka pahu hopena e pili ana i nā kolone microbial, nā ʻāpana membrane, ʻōnaehana hōʻiliʻili wai, ʻōnaehana effluent, a me ka ʻōnaehana aeration.
6. Mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe: E like me nā koi o ka wai, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻōnaehana MBR i hana ʻia e kā mākou hui me ka mīkini disinfection, hiki ke hoʻokele aunoa i ka dosage.
![mbr membrane bioreactor system (4)w7c](https://ecdn6.globalso.com/upload/p/971/image_other/2024-06/mbr-membrane-bioreactor-system-4.jpg)
7. Measering device: I mea e hōʻoia ai i ka hana maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana MBR i hana ʻia e kā mākou hui e hoʻohana ana i nā mea mīkini e like me nā kahe kahe a me nā mika wai e hoʻomalu i nā palena o ka ʻōnaehana.
8. Mea hoʻokele uila: pahu hoʻokele uila i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka lumi lako. ʻO ia ka mea e hoʻomalu ai i ka pamu intake, fan a me suction pump. Loaʻa ka mana ma nā ʻano manual a me nā ʻano maʻamau. Ma lalo o ka mana o PLC, holo maʻalahi ka paila wai inlet e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai o kēlā me kēia kolamu hopena. Hoʻomalu ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka pauma suction e like me ka manawa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia. Ke haʻahaʻa ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai o ka waihona ʻo MBR reaction pool, hoʻopau ʻokoʻa ka pauma suction no ka pale ʻana i ka hui kiʻiʻoniʻoni.
9. Mākaʻikaʻi loko: e like me ka nui o ka wai a me ka mea hoʻohana pono.
Nā ʻano o ka membrane MBR
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā membrane ma MBR (membrane bioreactor) i nā ʻano like ʻole, kēlā me kēia me nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa:
ʻO ka membrane pulupulu hollow:
ʻO ke kino: ʻO ka membrane pulupulu he ʻano pūʻulu, i haku ʻia me nā kaukani o nā pulu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ʻo loko o ka fiber ke kahawai wai, ʻo waho ka wai ʻōpala e mālama ʻia.
Nā hiʻohiʻona: Kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ka nui o ka ʻāpana: aia kahi ʻāpana ili o ka membrane nui i kēlā me kēia leo ʻāpana, e hana i nā mea hana paʻa a me nā wāwae liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka holoi kinoea maʻalahi: Hiki ke holoi pololei ʻia ka ʻili o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma o ka aeration, e kōkua ana e hōʻemi i ka pollution membrane.
E maʻalahi e hoʻouka a hoʻololi: Hoʻolālā modular no ka mālama maʻalahi a me ka hoʻonui.
ʻAʻole like ka puʻunaue ʻana o ka pore: maikaʻi ka hopena o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka paʻa ʻana o nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a me nā microorganism.
Hoʻokaʻawale: me ke kiʻi pale a me ke kiʻi pālahalaha, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni no MBR submerged, kūpono ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni no waho MBR.
![mbr membrane bioreactor system (5)1pv](https://ecdn6.globalso.com/upload/p/971/image_other/2024-06/mbr-membrane-bioreactor-system-5.jpg)
Kiʻiʻoniʻoni palahalaha:
ʻAno kino: Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka diaphragm ma ke kākoʻo, a ʻo nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ka wai ʻōpala e mālama ʻia a me ka wai permeating.
Nā hiʻohiʻona:
ʻO ka hale paʻa: ka diaphragm maʻemaʻe, ka ikaika mechanical kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole maʻalahi i ka deformation, ka ikaika compressive ikaika.
He hopena hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi: He maʻalahi ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻili, a hiki ke hoʻopau pono ʻia nā mea haumia e ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe kemika a me ka holoi kino.
Hoʻopaʻa pale: I ka hana lōʻihi, liʻiliʻi ka lole ʻili kiʻi, a lōʻihi ke ola lawelawe.
He kūpono no ka hoʻokaʻawale paʻa-wai: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena interception o ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia me nā ʻāpana nui.
He kūpono no nā papahana nui: He mea maʻalahi ka hoʻolālā modular e hoʻonui a kūpono i nā keʻena lapaʻau nui.
Kiʻiʻoniʻoni tubular:
ʻAno kino: Ua wahī ʻia ka mea membrane ma ke kino kākoʻo tubular, a kahe ka wai ʻino i loko o ka paipu a komo i loko o ka wai mai ka paia o ka paipu.
Nā hiʻohiʻona:
ʻO ka hiki ke kū'ē i ka pollution ikaika: ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ke kahawai kahe i loko e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka haunaele a hoʻemi i ka waiho ʻana o nā mea haumia ma ka ʻili membrane.
ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe ponoʻī iā ia iho: ke kahe nui o ka wai i loko o ka paipu e kōkua i ka holoi ʻana i ka ʻili o ka membrane a hōʻemi i ka pollution membrane.
Hoʻololi i ka wai ʻino mea hoʻokuʻu ʻia: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana o ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā mea fibrous.
Mālama maʻalahi: Ke hoʻopōʻino ʻia kahi ʻāpana membrane, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i kahi kaʻawale, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hana holoʻokoʻa.
![mbr membrane bioreactor system (6)1tn](https://ecdn6.globalso.com/upload/p/971/image_other/2024-06/mbr-membrane-bioreactor-system-6.jpg)
Kiʻiʻoniʻoni keramika:
ʻAno kino: kiʻiʻoniʻoni porous i hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai nā mea inorganic (e like me ka alumina, zirconia, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), me ke ʻano paʻa paʻa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona:
Paʻa kemika maikaʻi loa: kū i ka waika, alkali, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik a me nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, kūpono no nā ʻoihana hoʻōla wai ʻino.
Hoʻopaʻa kūʻē, anti-pollution: ʻili o ka membrane maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻole maʻalahi e hoʻomoʻi i ka mea organik, kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka flux ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, lōʻihi ke ola.
Aperture pololei a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia: pololei kaʻawale kiʻekiʻe, kūpono no ka hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi a me ka wehe ʻana i nā mea haumia.
ʻO ka ikaika mechanical kiʻekiʻe: kūpaʻa i ka haki, kūpono no ka hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka holoi pinepine ʻana i hope.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka nui aperture:
ʻO ka membrane Ultrafiltration: He liʻiliʻi ka aperture (maʻamau ma waena o 0.001 a me 0.1 microns), ka mea nui e wehe i ka bacteria, viruses, colloids, macromolecular organic matter a pēlā aku.
ʻO ka membrane microfiltration: ʻOi aku ka nui o ka aperture (ma kahi o 0.1 a 1 micron), ka mea nui e keakea ana i nā mea paʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, nā microorganisms, a me kekahi mea macromolecular organik.
![mbr membrane bioreactor system (7)dp6](https://ecdn6.globalso.com/upload/p/971/image_other/2024-06/mbr-membrane-bioreactor-system-7.jpg)
Hoʻokaʻawale ma ke kau ʻana:
Immersion: Hoʻokomo pololei ʻia ka ʻāpana membrane i loko o ka wai i hui ʻia i loko o ka bioreactor, a lawe ʻia ka wai permeable e ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻili kinoea.
Ma waho: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka module membrane mai ka bioreactor. ʻO ka wai e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e kaomi ʻia e ka pamu a kahe i loko o ka module membrane. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wai permeating i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a me ka wai paʻa.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ʻokoʻa nā ʻano membrane i MBR a loaʻa i kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona ponoʻī, a ʻo ke koho ʻana o ka membrane e hilinaʻi ʻia i nā waiwai wai ʻino, nā koi o ka mālama ʻana, ka hoʻokele waiwai, ka hana a me nā kūlana mālama a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Pono nā mea hoʻolālā a me nā mea hoʻohana e hana i nā koho kūpono e like me ke kūlana maoli e hōʻoia i ka hana kūpono a paʻa o ka ʻōnaehana MBR.
ʻO ke kuleana o ka MBR membrane bioreactor i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai
Hōʻike nui ʻia ke kuleana o ka ʻōnaehana MBR i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ma nā ʻano aʻe:
Hoʻokaʻawale paʻa-wai kūpono. Hoʻohana ʻo MBR i ka membrane e hoʻokō i ka hoʻokaʻawale paʻa-wai maikaʻi, hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka maikaʻi o ka effluent, kokoke i ka mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia a me ka turbidity, a me ka wehe nui ʻana i nā maʻi bacteria a me nā maʻi.
Kiʻekiʻe microbial kaʻina. Hiki i ka MBR ke mālama i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka sludge i hoʻāla ʻia a hoʻonui i ka ukana organik o ka mālama olaola, a laila e hōʻemi i ka wāwae o ka hale mālama wai.
![mbr membrane bioreactor system (8)zg9](https://ecdn6.globalso.com/upload/p/971/image_other/2024-06/mbr-membrane-bioreactor-system-8.jpg)
E ho'ēmi i ka lepo nui. Ma muli o ka hopena interception o MBR, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka hana ʻana o ke koena sludge a hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ke kumukūʻai o ka mālama ʻana i ka sludge. 34
Hoʻopau maikaʻi i ka amonia nitrogen. Hiki i ka ʻōnaehana MBR ke hoʻopaʻa i nā microorganisms me kahi pōʻai hanauna lōʻihi, e like me ka nitrifying bacteria, i mea e hoʻohaʻahaʻa pono ai i ka nitrogen ammonia i loko o ka wai.
E mālama i ka wahi a hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ikehu. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana MBR ma o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka wai paʻa a me ka bioenrichment, ua pōkole loa ka manawa noho hydraulic o ka ʻāpana lapaʻau, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka wāwae o ka bioreactor, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu o ka ʻāpana lapaʻau ma muli o ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hana. ka membrane.
E hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka wai. Hāʻawi nā ʻōnaehana MBR i ka effluent kiʻekiʻe e kūpono ana i nā kūlana hoʻokuʻu ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a i ʻole nā koi hoʻohana hou.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, MBR membrane bioreactor pāʻani i ka mea koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai, me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka wai paʻa, hoʻonui i ka ʻike microbial, e hōʻemi ana i ke koena o ka sludge, e hoʻoneʻe maikaʻi i ka amonia nitrogen, e mālama ana i ka wahi a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka ikehu, etc. ʻenehana waiwai.
Ke kahua noi o ka MBR membrane
I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1990, ua komo ka membrane bioreactor (MBR) i ka pae noi kūpono. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā bioreactors membrane (MBR) i nā kahua aʻe:
1. Hoʻohana hou ʻia ka wai ma nā hale
I ka makahiki 1967, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi hale kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai e hoʻohana ana i ke kaʻina MBR e kahi hui ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nāna i mālama i ka 14m3/d o ka wai ʻino. I ka makahiki 1977, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻohana hou ʻana i ka wai ma kahi hale kiʻekiʻe ma Iapana. Ma ka waena o ka makahiki 1990, aia he 39 o ia mau mea kanu e hana ana ma Iapana, me ka nui o ka lapaau ana a hiki i 500m3/d, a oi aku mamua o 100 mau hale kiekie i hoohana i ka MBR no ka hooponopono hou ana i ka lepo i na ala wai waena.
2. ʻOihana wai ʻino
Mai ka makahiki 1990, hoʻomau ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā mea lapaʻau MBR, me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i ka wai, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka fecal, ka noi MBR i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻenehana i hopohopo nui ʻia, e like me ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻona ʻoihana meaʻai, ka wai hoʻoheheʻe wai, ka wai ʻōpala aquaculture. , ka wai ʻōpala hana hoʻonaninani, wai ʻōpala wai, wai ʻōpala petrochemical, ua loaʻa nā hopena lapaʻau maikaʻi.
![mbr membrane bioreactor system (9)oqz](https://ecdn6.globalso.com/upload/p/971/image_other/2024-06/mbr-membrane-bioreactor-system-9.jpg)
3. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai inu micro-polluted
Me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ka nitrogen fertilizer a me nā insecticides i ka mahiʻai, ua hoʻohaumia ʻia ka wai inu i nā pae like ʻole. I ka waena o 1990s, ua hoʻomohala ka hui i ke kaʻina MBR me nā hana o ka wehe ʻana i ka nitrogen biological, adsorption insecticide a me ka wehe ʻana i ka turbidity i ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nitrogen i loko o ka effluent ma mua o 0.1mgNO2 / L, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pesticide. ma mua o 0.02μg/L.
4. Ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka lepo
He kiʻekiʻe loa ka ʻike o ka mea organik i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe fecal, pono ke ʻano o ka mālama denitrification kuʻuna i ka ʻike ʻana o ka sludge kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale paʻa-wai ʻaʻole paʻa, e pili ana i ka hopena o ka mālama kula kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka puka ʻana mai o MBR hoʻoponopono maikaʻi i kēia pilikia, a hiki iā ia ke mālama pono i ka lepo fecal me ka ʻole o ka dilution.
5. Ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻāina
Loaʻa i ka lepo lepo/compost leachate ka nui o nā mea haumia, a ʻokoʻa kona maikaʻi a me ka nui o ka wai me nā kūlana climatic a me nā kūlana hana. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenehana MBR i nā mea kanu lapaʻau he nui ma mua o 1994. Ma o ka hui pū ʻana o ka ʻenehana MBR a me RO, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka SS, nā mea kūlohelohe a me ka nitrogen, akā hiki ke wehe maikaʻi ʻia nā paʻakai a me nā metala kaumaha. Hoʻohana ka MBR i ka hui ʻana o ka bacteria e wāwahi i nā hydrocarbons a me nā pūhui chlorinated i loko o ka leachate a mālama i nā mea haumia ma nā ʻano 50 a 100 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā ʻāpana mālama wai ʻino. ʻO ke kumu o kēia hopena lapaʻau ʻo ia ka MBR hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka maʻi bacteria maikaʻi loa a loaʻa ka ʻike bacterial o 5000g/m2. I ka ho'āʻo hoʻokele kahua, ʻo ka COD o ka wai inlet he mau haneli a 40000mg / L, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wehe ʻana o nā pollutants ma mua o 90%.
ʻO ka manaʻolana hoʻomohala o ka membrane MBR:
Nā wahi koʻikoʻi a me nā kuhikuhi o ka noi
A. Ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe kūloko o ke kūlanakauhale, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka maikaʻi o ka wai e hoʻokō i ka maʻamau a i ʻole e piʻi nui ke kahe o ka mālama ʻana a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia kona wahi.
B. Nā wahi noho me ka ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana wai wai, e like me nā wahi noho, nā wahi mākaʻikaʻi, nā wahi nani, etc.
![mbr membrane bioreactor system (10)394](https://ecdn6.globalso.com/upload/p/971/image_other/2024-06/mbr-membrane-bioreactor-system-10.jpg)
C. ʻO nā wahi a i ʻole nā wahi e pono ai ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i ka wai, e like me nā hōkele, nā holoi kaʻa, nā mokulele mokulele, nā halepaku kelepona, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hāʻawi i ka pāʻani piha i nā hiʻohiʻona o MBR, e like me ka wahi papahele liʻiliʻi, nā lako paʻa, ka mana otometi, ka maʻalahi a me ka maʻalahi. .
D. Kiʻekiʻe noʻonoʻo, ʻawaʻawa, paʻakikī e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino. E like me ka pepa, ke kō, ka waiʻona, ka ʻili, nā ʻakika momona synthetic a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, he kumu hoʻohaumia maʻamau. Hiki i ka MBR ke mālama pono i ka wai ʻino i hiki ʻole ke hoʻokō i ke kūlana o ke kaʻina hana lapaʻau maʻamau a ʻike i ka hoʻohana hou ʻana.
E. Hoʻohana hou ʻana i ka leachate landfill.
F. Hoʻohana i nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (nā kahua). He kūpono loa nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻenehana membrane no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
Ua lilo ka ʻōnaehana bioreactor membrane (MBR) i kekahi o ka ʻenehana hou o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i ka wai ʻino ma muli o kona ʻano wai maʻemaʻe, maʻemaʻe a paʻa. I loko o nā kūlana kaiapuni wai i kēia lā, ua hōʻike ʻo MBR i kona hiki ke hoʻomohala nui, a e lilo ia i mea hoʻokūkū ikaika e pani i ka ʻenehana lapaʻau kuʻuna i ka wā e hiki mai ana.