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Sisitemu yo gutunganya amazi mabi yinganda ETP Ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji
Amazi mabi yo mu nganda yerekeza ku mazi y’amazi, imyanda n’imyanda ikomoka mu gihe cy’umusaruro w’inganda, urimo ibikoresho byo mu nganda, ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga n’ibicuruzwa byatakaye hamwe n’amazi, hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya biva mu musaruro. Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryinganda, ubwoko nubwinshi bwamazi y’amazi yiyongera byihuse, kandi umwanda w’amazi uragenda urushaho kwiyongera kandi bikomeye, bibangamira ubuzima n’umutekano by’abantu. Mu kurengera ibidukikije, gutunganya amazi mabi y’inganda ni ngombwa kuruta gutunganya imyanda ya komini.
Amazi mabi yinganda (amazi mabi yinganda) akubiyemo amazi yanduye, umwanda w’amazi n’amazi akonje, bivuga amazi y’imyanda n’amazi y’imyanda ikomoka mu nganda zikora inganda, zikubiyemo ibikoresho by’inganda, ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya byakozwe mu musaruro wabuze. n'amazi. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwamazi mabi yinganda hamwe nibintu bigoye. Kurugero, imyanda yumunyu wa electrolytike yinganda zirimo mercure, ibyuma biremereye bishongesha amazi mabi yinganda zirimo isasu, kadmium nibindi byuma, amashanyarazi y’inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi arimo cyanide na chromium nibindi byuma biremereye, amazi y’inganda zitunganya peteroli zirimo fenol, amazi y’inganda zangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko kandi n'ibindi. Kubera ko amazi y’inganda akunze kuba arimo ibintu bitandukanye by’ubumara, umwanda w’ibidukikije wangiza cyane ubuzima bw’abantu, bityo rero ni ngombwa guteza imbere imikoreshereze yuzuye, ugahindura inyungu mu nyungu, kandi ukurikije imiterere n’ubwinshi bw’imyanda ihumanya mu mazi y’amazi, fata ingamba zijyanye no kweza yo kujugunywa, mbere yo gusezererwa.
Gutondekanya amazi y’imyanda
Mubusanzwe hariho uburyo butatu bwo gutondekanya amazi mabi:
Iya mbere yashyizwe mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiti y’imiti ihumanya ikirere ikomoka mu mazi y’inganda. Amazi mabi adasanzwe ningenzi arimo imyanda ihumanya, kandi amazi mabi kama ningenzi arimo imyanda ihumanya. Kurugero, amashanyarazi y’amazi n’amazi atunganya imyanda ni amazi mabi; Amazi yimyanda iva mubiribwa cyangwa gutunganya peteroli ni amazi yimyanda.
Iya kabiri ishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe ibicuruzwa n’ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa mu nganda, nk’amazi y’imyanda ya metallurgiki, amazi y’imyanda, impapuro zangiza imyanda, amazi y’imyanda y’amazi, imyanda y’ifumbire mvaruganda, imyanda y’ifumbire mvaruganda, icapiro ry’imyenda no gusiga amazi y’imyanda, amazi y’imyanda. , gutunganya amazi yimyanda, amazi yica udukoko, amazi yimyanda, nibindi.
Iya gatatu yashyizwe mu byiciro hakurikijwe ibice by'ingenzi bigize imyanda ihumanya ikubiye mu mazi y’amazi, nk'amazi yanduye acide, amazi y’amazi ya alkaline, amazi y’amazi ya cyanogene, amazi y’amazi ya chromium, amazi y’amazi ya cadmium, amazi y’amazi ya mercure, amazi y’amazi ya fenol, amazi ya aldehyde, amazi y’amazi, amazi y’amazi ya sulfure, kama amazi ya fosifore n'amazi yanduye ya radio.
Ibyiciro bibiri byambere ntabwo bivuga ibyingenzi byingenzi byanduye bikubiye mumazi y’amazi kandi ntibigaragaza ububi bwamazi mabi. Uburyo bwa gatatu bwo gutondekanya bwerekana neza ibigize imyanda ihumanya y’amazi mabi, bishobora kwerekana ingaruka z’amazi mabi.
Byongeye kandi, biturutse ku ngorane zo gutunganya amazi mabi no kwangiza amazi y’amazi, umwanda w’ibanze mu mazi y’amazi washyizwe mu byiciro bitatu: icyiciro cya mbere ni ubushyuhe bw’imyanda, cyane cyane buturuka ku mazi akonje, amazi akonje arashobora kongera gukoreshwa; Icyiciro cya kabiri ni umwanda usanzwe, ni ukuvuga ibintu bidafite ubumara bugaragara kandi byoroshye kwangirika, harimo ibinyabuzima byangiza ibinyabuzima, ibinyabuzima bishobora gukoreshwa nka bionutrients, hamwe n’ibisigara byahagaritswe, nibindi. Icyiciro cya gatatu ni imyanda ihumanya, ni ukuvuga ibintu birimo uburozi. kandi ntibyoroshye kuri biodegrade, harimo ibyuma biremereye, ibinyabuzima byubumara hamwe n’ibinyabuzima kama bitoroshye kuri biodegrade.
Mubyukuri, inganda imwe irashobora gusohora amazi mabi atandukanye, kandi amazi mabi azagira imyanda ihumanya ningaruka zitandukanye. Inganda zisiga amarangi, kurugero, zisohora amazi mabi ya acide na alkaline. Gucapa imyenda no gusiga irangi amazi mabi, kubera imyenda n'amabara atandukanye, umwanda n'ingaruka zanduye bizaba bitandukanye cyane. Ndetse n'amazi mabi ava muruganda rumwe rutanga umusaruro ashobora kuba arimo imyanda myinshi icyarimwe. Kurugero, gusibanganya, guturika, kokiya, kumurika nibindi bikoresho byamazi yo gutunganya umunara wamavuta yumuyaga wamazi, arimo fenol, amavuta, sulfide. Mu nganda zinyuranye zinganda, nubwo ibicuruzwa, ibikoresho fatizo nuburyo bwo gutunganya bitandukanye rwose, birashobora kandi gusohora amazi mabi asa. Nk’inganda zitunganya amavuta, ibihingwa nganda n’ibiti bya gaze ya kokiya, birashobora kugira amavuta, amazi y’amazi ya fenol.
Gutesha agaciro amazi
1. Amazi y’inganda atembera mu miyoboro, mu nzuzi no mu biyaga kugira ngo yanduze amazi yo hejuru. Niba uburozi buri hejuru, bizatera urupfu cyangwa kuzimangana kw'ibimera byo mu mazi n'amatungo.
2. Amazi mabi yinganda arashobora kandi kwinjira mumazi yubutaka no kwanduza amazi yubutaka, bityo ibihingwa byangiza.
3. Niba abaturage baturanye bakoresha amazi yanduye cyangwa amazi yubutaka nkamazi yo murugo, bizabangamira ubuzima bwabo nurupfu mugihe gikomeye.
4, amazi y’inganda yinjira mu butaka, atera umwanda. Ihindura imikurire ya mikorobe mu bimera nubutaka.
5, amazi mabi yinganda nayo afite impumuro mbi, kwanduza ikirere.
6. Ibintu byangiza kandi byangiza mumazi mabi yinganda bizaguma mumubiri binyuze mu kugaburira no kwinjiza ibimera, hanyuma bigere mumubiri wumuntu binyuze mumurongo wibiryo, byangiza umubiri wumuntu.
Kwangiza amazi mabi y’inganda ku bidukikije ni byinshi, kandi "Impanuka ya Minamata" na "Toyama" mu "munani zikomeye z’ibyago rusange by’abaturage" mu kinyejana cya 20 biterwa n’umwanda w’amazi yanduye.
Ihame ryo kuvura
Gutunganya neza amazi mabi yinganda bigomba gukurikiza amahame akurikira:
. Simbuza ibikoresho byuburozi cyangwa ibicuruzwa nibikoresho bidafite uburozi cyangwa ibicuruzwa.
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. Amazi nkaya agomba gutunganywa nyuma yo kuvurwa neza muruganda.
. Hagomba kubakwa inganda nini zitunganya imyanda, zirimo ibyuzi bya okiside y’ibinyabuzima, ibigega by’imyanda, uburyo bwo gutunganya ubutaka n’ibindi bigo byoroshe kandi bishoboka byubatswe hakurikijwe imiterere yaho. Ugereranije n’inganda ntoya zitunganya imyanda, inganda nini zitunganya imyanda ntizishobora kugabanya cyane amafaranga y’imyubakire n’ibikorwa by’imari, ariko kandi biroroshye kubungabunga imikorere myiza n’ingaruka zo kuyitunganya bitewe n’amazi meza n’amazi meza.
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Iterambere ryogutunganya amazi mabi yinganda nugutunganya amazi mabi n’umwanda nkibikoresho byingirakamaro cyangwa gushyira mubikorwa kuzenguruka.
Uburyo bwo kuvura
Uburyo nyamukuru bwo gutunganya amazi mabi y’amazi menshi arimo okiside ya chimique, kuyikuramo, adsorption, gutwika, okiside ya catalitiki, uburyo bwa biohimiki, nibindi. Uburyo bwa biohimiki bufite inzira ikuze, ibikoresho byoroshye, ubushobozi bwo kuvura, igiciro gito cyo gukora, kandi na uburyo bukoreshwa cyane mugutunganya amazi mabi.
Mu mishinga yo gutunganya amazi mabi, inzira gakondo ya biohimiki, nkuburyo bwa A / O, uburyo bwa A2 / O cyangwa inzira zinoze, zikoreshwa cyane. Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo gutunganya amazi mabi ya biohimiki nuburyo bukoreshwa cyane muburyo bwo gutunganya amazi y’ibinyabuzima. Amashanyarazi akoreshwa nuburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kuvura ibinyabuzima hamwe nubuso bunini bwihariye, ibikorwa byinshi hamwe no kwimura abantu benshi.
Uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi mabi mu nganda:
1. Ozide oxyde:
Ozone ifite ingaruka zo kweza no kwanduza bitewe nubushobozi bukomeye bwa okiside, ubwo rero ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa cyane mugutunganya amazi mabi ya xanthate. Okiside ya Ozone nuburyo bwiza bwo kuvana xanthate mumuti wamazi.
2. Uburyo bwa Adsorption:
Adsorption nuburyo bwo gutunganya amazi bukoresha adsorbents gutandukanya umwanda namazi. Uburyo bwa Adsorption bukoreshwa cyane kuberako umutungo wibikoresho bikungahaye hamwe nigiciro kinini. Ibimenyerewe bisanzwe bikora karubone, zeolite, cinder nibindi.
3. Uburyo bwa okiside ya catalitiki:
Tekinoroji ya catalitiki ni uburyo bukoresha catalizator kugirango byihutishe imiti hagati y’imyanda ihumanya na okiside mu mazi y’amazi no gukuraho umwanda mu mazi. Uburyo bwa okiside ya catalitike ikubiyemo: uburyo bwa okiside ya fotokatike, uburyo bwa okiside ya electrocatalytic. Ubu buryo bufite intera nini ya progaramu nibisubizo bitangaje. Nubuhanga buhanitse bwa okiside kandi bufite ingaruka nziza mugutunganya amazi mabi yinganda.
4. Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza no kugwa:
Uburyo bw'imvura ya Coagulation nuburyo busanzwe bwo gutunganya neza imyanda ukoresheje coagulant. Birakenewe kongeramo infashanyo ya coagulant na coagulant mumazi kugirango ihungabanye ibintu bya colloidal bigoye kugwa hamwe na polymerize hamwe, kugirango bikemuke kandi bivaneho. Coagulants ikoreshwa cyane ni umunyu wicyuma, umunyu ferrous, umunyu wa aluminium na polymer.
5. Uburyo bwibinyabuzima:
Uburyo bwa biyolojiya busanzwe bwongera mikorobe mumazi ya xanthate, igenzura muburyo bwimiterere yimirire ikwiranye n’umusaruro wayo, kandi ikoresha ihame ryo kwangirika no guhinduranya ibintu kama mu gutunganya amazi mabi ya xanthate. Ibyiza bya tekinike yuburyo bwibinyabuzima ningaruka nziza zo kuvura, oya cyangwa ntoya yanduye ya kabiri hamwe nigiciro gito.
6. Uburyo bwa Microelectrolysis:
Uburyo bwa Micro-electrolysis ni ugukoresha sisitemu ya micro-bateri ikorwa nigitandukaniro gishobora kuba mumwanya kugirango ugere ku ntego yo kweza electrolytike. Ubu buryo burakwiriye cyane cyane gutunganya amazi mabi kama bigoye guteshwa agaciro. Ifite ibiranga imikorere ihanitse, ibikorwa byinshi, igipimo kinini cyo gukuraho COD hamwe n’ibinyabuzima byangiza amazi.
Intego yo gutunganya amazi mabi ni ugutandukanya umwanda mumazi mabi muburyo bumwe, cyangwa kubora mubintu bitagira ingaruka kandi bihamye, kugirango imyanda isukure. Mubisanzwe kugirango wirinde kwandura uburozi na mikorobe; Kugira ngo wuzuze ibisabwa muburyo butandukanye, irinde ibintu bigaragara bifite impumuro zitandukanye hamwe no kutumva neza.
Gutunganya amazi mabi biragoye cyane, kandi guhitamo uburyo bwo gutunganya bigomba gutekerezwa ukurikije ubwiza bwamazi nubwinshi bwamazi y’amazi, umubiri wakira amazi wasohotse cyangwa ikoreshwa ryamazi. Muri icyo gihe, birakenewe ko harebwa uburyo bwo gutunganya no gukoresha imyanda n’ibisigazwa byakozwe mu gihe cyo gutunganya amazi y’amazi ndetse n’umwanda ushobora kuba wanduye, ndetse no gutunganya no gukoresha ibimera.
Guhitamo uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi mabi biterwa na kamere, ibiyigize, leta n’amazi asabwa ubuziranenge bw’imyanda ihumanya amazi. Uburyo rusange bwo gutunganya amazi mabi arashobora kugabanwa muburyo bwumubiri, uburyo bwa chimique nuburyo bwibinyabuzima.
Uburyo bufatika: gukoresha ibikorwa bifatika byo kuvura, gutandukanya no kugarura umwanda mumazi mabi. Kurugero, ibice byahagaritswe bifite ubucucike burenze 1 mumazi bivanwaho nuburyo bwimvura bigasubirana icyarimwe; Flotation (cyangwa flotation yo mu kirere) irashobora gukuraho ibitonyanga byamavuta ya emulsiya cyangwa ibintu byahagaritswe hamwe nubucucike buri hafi ya 1; Uburyo bwo kuyungurura bushobora gukuraho ibice byahagaritswe mumazi; Uburyo bwo guhumeka bukoreshwa muguhuriza hamwe ibintu bitangirika mu mazi mabi.
Uburyo bwa chimique: kugarura imyanda ibora cyangwa ibintu bya colloidal ukoresheje reaction ya chimique cyangwa ibikorwa bya fiziki. Kurugero, uburyo bwo kutabogama bukoreshwa mugutandukanya amazi ya acide cyangwa alkaline; Uburyo bwo kuvoma bukoresha "gukwirakwiza" imyanda ibora mu byiciro bibiri hamwe nubushobozi butandukanye bwo kugarura fenol, ibyuma biremereye, nibindi. Uburyo bwa REDOX bukoreshwa mugukuraho cyangwa kugabanya imyuka ihumanya mumazi mabi no kwica bagiteri zitera mumazi asanzwe.
Uburyo bwa biologiya: gukoresha ibikorwa bya biohimiki ya mikorobe mvaruganda kugirango bivure ibintu kama mumazi mabi. Kurugero, kuyungurura ibinyabuzima hamwe nigitonyanga gikoreshwa bikoreshwa mugutunganya imyanda yo murugo cyangwa amazi y’umusaruro w’amazi kwoza ibintu kama muguhindura no kuyitesha imyunyu ngugu.
Uburyo bwavuzwe haruguru bufite aho bugarukira, bugomba kwigira kuri buriwese, bwuzuzanya, akenshi biragoye gukoresha uburyo bushobora kugera ku miyoborere myiza. Ni ubuhe buryo bukoreshwa mu gutunganya ubwoko bw'amazi mabi, mbere ya byose, ukurikije ubwiza bw'amazi n'ubwinshi bw'amazi mabi, ibisabwa byo gusohora amazi ku mazi, agaciro k'ubukungu bwo kugarura imyanda, ibiranga uburyo bwo gutunganya, n'ibindi, na hanyuma binyuze mubushakashatsi nubushakashatsi, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, kandi ukurikije ibipimo byerekana ko amazi yanduye, imiterere yakarere hamwe nibishoboka tekinike kandi byagenwe.
Ingamba zo gukumira no kugenzura
Gushimangira imicungire y’imyanda ihumanya mu nganda kugira ngo ishyire mu bikorwa uburyo butandukanye bwo gucunga ibidukikije, gushimangira imicungire y’ibidukikije y’inganda z’inganda, kwita ku kurwanya umwanda w’ibigo binini n'ibiciriritse, no gushimangira imicungire y’ibidukikije y’inganda nto n'iziciriritse. Tuzakomeza gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda yo kumenyekanisha no kwiyandikisha, uburyo bwo kwishyuza hamwe na sisitemu yo gutanga uruhushya rwo gusohora imyanda n’inganda, gushimangira igenzura ry’amasoko y’umwanda, kugenzura aho imyanda ihumanya, kugenzura buri gihe imikorere y’ibikorwa byo gutunganya amazi mabi y’inganda, no gukuraho bishaje. ubushobozi bwo kubyaza umusaruro, inzira n'ibikoresho. Imishinga mishya izacungwa neza kandi yemezwe hakurikijwe ibisabwa kugirango habeho kurwanya umwanda wose.
Kunoza uburyo bwo kwishyuza imyanda no guteza imbere imikorere y’ibikorwa byo gutunganya amazi mabi y’inganda Kora ubugororangingo bukwiye kuri sisitemu yo kwishyuza imyanda, ongera ugaragaze ihame ry’imyanda y’imyanda, uburyo bwo kwishyuza n’imicungire y’imikoreshereze, hashyirwaho uburyo bushya bwo kwishyuza imyanda, kugira ngo Sisitemu yo kwishyuza imyanda ifasha imikorere yibikorwa byo gutunganya amazi mabi yinganda ninganda.
Ingamba za tekiniki zo gukumira no kurwanya imyanda y’inganda
1. Gutezimbere ibicuruzwa: hindura imiterere yibicuruzwa no kunoza imiterere yibicuruzwa;
2. Kugenzura inkomoko y’imyanda: ingufu, ibikoresho fatizo no gutunganya umusaruro, guhindura ibikoresho no guhindura udushya
3. Gukoresha byimazeyo imyanda: gutunganya no kongera gukoresha;
4. Kunoza imicungire yumusaruro: sisitemu yinshingano, sisitemu yo guhugura abakozi, sisitemu yo gusuzuma), gutunganya itumanaho (kugena impamyabumenyi yo gutunganya - tekinoroji yo gutunganya no gutezimbere inzira - gahunda isanzwe
Amazi mabi yinganda
Gutunganya amazi mabi mu nganda no kuyakoresha ni bumwe mu buryo bwingenzi bwo kuzigama amazi, ashobora kuba akonje, kuvanaho ivu, kuzenguruka amazi, ubushyuhe n’ubundi buryo. Sisitemu yo gukonjesha ikoreshwa cyane cyane mukuzenguruka, intambwe ku yindi na casade ukurikije ibisabwa bitandukanye by’amazi meza muri sisitemu. Sisitemu yubushyuhe ikoreshwa cyane cyane mugusubirana no gukoresha. Kuvoma ubundi buryo bikoreshwa cyane cyane mugukuramo ivu rya hydraulic no gukuramo ibishishwa nyuma yo kuvurwa, kandi amazi atandukanye yo kubyara no kubaho arafatwa nkamazi asubiza sisitemu yo gukonjesha.
Ibigo byinshi bifite inganda zitunganya imyanda, ariko gusa umusaruro w’amazi y’amazi n’ibipimo byo gutunganya imyanda yo mu ngo nyuma yo gusohoka mu buryo butaziguye, ibigo bike gusa ni byo bishobora gutunganya amazi y’amazi no kuyakoresha, ariko igipimo cy’ibicuruzwa ntikiri hejuru, bikaviramo gutakaza cyane umutungo w’amazi. Kubwibyo, gutunganya imyanda n’amazi mabi yinganda zinganda zirashobora kongera gukoreshwa, cyane cyane mubikorwa byo kubyaza umusaruro, bifite amahirwe menshi yo gukoreshwa.
Mu musaruro n’imikorere yinganda, ukurikije ibisabwa bitandukanye byubwiza bwamazi muri buri gikorwa, ikoreshwa ryuruhererekane rwamazi rishobora kugerwaho kuburyo bugaragara, kuburyo buri nzira ibona ibyo ikeneye, kandi ikoreshwa rya casade ryamazi rishobora kuba byagezweho, kugira ngo bigabanye gukuramo amazi no kugabanya imyanda isohoka; Uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya amazi burashobora kandi gufatwa ukurikije imiterere itandukanye yimyanda n’amazi mabi, ashobora gukoreshwa mubikorwa bitandukanye byo kubyaza umusaruro, kugirango bigabanye amazi meza yafashwe kandi bigabanye gusohora imyanda.
Amazi yo kuzigama amazi yo gutunganya amazi mabi no kuyakoresha ni meza. Inganda zikora ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu, zishobora kuba amazi yimyanda, amavuta ya electrophoreis, guca amazi yimyanda no gutunganya amazi yimyanda, gutunganya ibyatsi, kubaho muburyo butandukanye no kubyaza umusaruro. Mubikorwa byumusaruro ukomoka kunganda zikora peteroli, kondensate ya parike irashobora gukoreshwa kandi igakoreshwa nkamazi yinyongera ya sisitemu yo kuzenguruka. Amazi y'iriba akoreshwa mu kongera umusaruro arakoreshwa kandi akuzuza amazi muri sisitemu yo kuzenguruka; Irashobora kandi kongera igikoresho cyo gutunganya amazi yongeye gukoresha, amazi yatunganijwe nkamazi yo kuzenguruka; Ibikonjesha hamwe nibice byihariye bisaba gukonjesha amazi, ariko kongera gukoresha amazi nabyo birashobora gutekerezwa. Inganda zo gucapa no gusiga amarangi ninganda zinganda zikoresha amazi menshi. Amazi y’amazi asohorwa nuburyo butandukanye bwo kubyaza umusaruro umusaruro urashobora gutunganywa hanyuma ukongera gukoreshwa muriki gikorwa, cyangwa amazi yose yanduye arashobora gutunganyirizwa hamwe no gukoreshwa muri rusange cyangwa igice. Inganda zinzoga zirashobora gushiraho ibikoresho byo kugarura kanseri, kugabanya neza amazi yo kubira; Amacupa yo koza amacupa yamahugurwa yamashanyarazi arashobora gutunganyirizwa kuri alkali Ⅰ, alkali Ⅱ amazi yimashini imesa icupa, amazi yimashini isukamo, ibikoresho hamwe nisuku y ibihingwa, nibindi. umuvuduko, urashobora gukoreshwa mugukuraho ivumbi ryamabuye no gutesha agaciro, slag, gusukura umusarani, gutema icyatsi no guhinga umurima mubi, gukaraba imodoka, amazi yubatswe, nibindi.
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