0102030405
Sisitemu yo gutunganya imyanda yo mu rugo Igikoresho cyo gutunganya imyanda
Gutunganya imyanda yo mu ngo bivuga gutunganya imyanda ituruka mu buzima bw’abatuye mu mijyi, ku buryo yujuje ubuziranenge bw’imyanda kandi idatera umwanda ibidukikije. Akamaro ko gutunganya imyanda yo mu ngo irigaragaza, ifitanye isano n’ubuzima bw’abantu n’iterambere rirambye ry’ibidukikije.
Mbere na mbere, imyanda yo mu ngo irimo umubare munini w’ibinyabuzima na mikorobe, iyo bisohotse mu bidukikije, bizatera umwanda mwinshi umubiri w’amazi. Ibi binyabuzima na mikorobe bizakoresha ogisijeni mu mubiri w’amazi, bikaviramo kwangirika kw’amazi kandi bikagira ingaruka ku mibereho y’amazi. Byongeye kandi, imyanda yo mu ngo irimo kandi azote nyinshi, fosifore nizindi ntungamubiri, nibiramuka bisohotse mu mazi y’amazi, bizatuma amazi ya eutrophyi atera algae, bikagira ingaruka ku bwiza bw’amazi no ku bidukikije.
Icya kabiri, imyanda yo murugo nayo irimo ibintu bitandukanye byangiza, nkibyuma biremereye, ibinyabuzima, ibisigazwa byibiyobyabwenge nibindi. Niba ibyo bintu bisohotse mu bidukikije, bizatera umwanda ku mazi n’ubutaka, kandi byangiza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima n’ubuzima bw’abantu. Kubwibyo rero, gufata neza imyanda yo murugo ni ingamba zingenzi zo kurengera ibidukikije nubuzima bwabantu
Byongeye kandi, gutunganya imyanda yo mu ngo irashobora no kumenya gukoresha umutungo. Umwanda wo mu ngo urimo ibintu byinshi byintungamubiri nintungamubiri, bishobora guhinduka ifumbire mvaruganda na biyogazi nandi masoko nyuma yo kuvurwa neza, kugirango tumenye neza umutungo ukoreshwa kandi bigabanye gukoresha umutungo kamere.
Amazi yubuzima bwa buri munsi, Mubyukuri, igice gito cyamazi yimyanda yaravuwe, kandi ibyinshi muri byo bisohoka mumigezi bitavuwe. Ni bibi mu mijyi mito.
Umwanda nibindi mubisanzwe ntabwo bisohoka muburyo butaziguye, ariko hariho ingamba zo gukusanya.
Ibigize umwanda mumazi mabi biragoye cyane kandi biratandukanye, kandi biragoye kuburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo kuvura bugera ku ntego yo kwezwa burundu, kandi akenshi bisaba uburyo bwinshi bwo gushyiraho uburyo bwo kuvura bwujuje ibisabwa kugirango bivurwe.
Ukurikije impamyabumenyi zitandukanye, uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi mabi burashobora kugabanywamo ubuvuzi bwibanze, ubuvuzi bwa kabiri hamwe nubuvuzi buhanitse.
Ubuvuzi bwibanze bukuraho gusa ibintu byahagaritswe mumazi y’amazi, cyane cyane muburyo bwumubiri, kandi amazi y’amazi yatunganijwe muri rusange ntashobora kuba yujuje ubuziranenge.
Kuri sisitemu yo gutunganya kabiri, gutunganya ibanze ni kubanza gutunganya. Uburyo bukoreshwa cyane murwego rwa kabiri nubuvuzi bwibinyabuzima, bushobora kuvanaho cyane ibinyabuzima byangiza kandi bigashonga mumazi y’amazi, kugirango amazi yanduye yujuje ubuziranenge. Nyamara, nyuma yubuvuzi bwa kabiri, haracyari umubare munini wibintu byahagaritswe, ibinyabuzima byashongeshejwe, ibishishwa byumubiri, azote na fosifore nizindi ntungamubiri zo mu bwoko bwa algae, kandi birimo virusi na bagiteri.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, ntishobora kuba yujuje ibyangombwa bisabwa kugira ngo hasohore amazi menshi, nko kuvura imigezi mito, ubushobozi buke bw’umugezi bishobora gutera umwanda, ntibishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye nkamazi ya robine, amazi y’inganda n’isoko yo kwishyuza amazi y’ubutaka. Ubuvuzi bwa gatatu ni ugukuraho umwanda udashobora gukurwaho n’ubuvuzi bwa kabiri, nka fosifore, azote n’ibyuka bihumanya, imyanda ihumanya hamwe na virusi zitera kwangirika n’ibinyabuzima. Uburyo bwa gatatu bwo gutunganya amazi mabi nuburyo "bwo kuvura buhanitse" bukomeza gukoresha uburyo bwa chimique (okiside ya chimique, imvura igwa, nibindi) hamwe nuburyo bwa fiziki na chimique (adsorption, guhana ion, tekinoroji yo gutandukanya membrane, nibindi) kugirango bikureho umwanda runaka. hashingiwe ku buvuzi bwa kabiri. Ikigaragara ni uko gutunganya amazi y’amazi ahenze, ariko birashobora gukoresha neza umutungo wamazi.
Amazi mabi n’inganda zisohoka mu nganda zitunganya imyanda zirashobora gutunganywa nabi hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gutandukanya no guhindura.
Amahame remezo
Ibikoreshwa cyane mubikoreshwa mu gutunganya imyanda
Mubikorwa byo gutunganya imyanda, tugomba gukoresha ibikoresho bikurikira:
(1) Oxidant: chlorine y'amazi cyangwa dioxyde ya chlorine cyangwa hydrogen peroxide,
(2) Umukozi wo gusebanya: amafaranga ni make cyane;
.
(4) Kugabanya umukozi: ferrous sulfate hydrate nibindi;
:
(6) Ibikoresho byo gukuramo imiti ya fosifore nibindi bikoresho.
Uburyo bwo kweza & tekiniki zisanzwe
Uburyo bwumubiri: kuvanaho ibishishwa byahagaritswe hamwe namavuta mumazi mabi kubikorwa byumubiri cyangwa ubukanishi; Kuzunguruka, kugwa, gutandukanya centrifugal, kureremba, nibindi
Uburyo bwa chimique: kongeramo ibintu bya chimique, binyuze mumiti yimiti, hindura imiterere yimiti cyangwa yumubiri ihumanya mumazi mabi, kugirango ihinduke mumiterere yimiti cyangwa yumubiri, hanyuma ikurwe mumazi; Kutabogama, okiside, kugabanya, kubora, flocculation, imvura igwa, nibindi.
Uburyo bwa chimique physique: gukoresha ibikorwa bya fiziki na chimique byuzuye kugirango bisukure amazi mabi; Kwambura, kwiyambura, adsorption, gukuramo, guhana ion, electrolysis, electrodialysis, dialyse revers, nibindi
Uburyo bwa biologiya: gukoresha mikorobe ya mikorobe, okiside no kwangirika kwangiza imyanda ihumanya mumazi mabi mubintu bitagira ingaruka, bizwi kandi nkuburyo bwo gutunganya ibinyabuzima, nuburyo bwingenzi bwo gutunganya amazi mabi; Amashanyarazi akoreshwa, akayunguruzo k'ibinyabuzima, ameza azenguruka, icyuzi cya okiside, igogorwa rya anaerobic, nibindi.
Muri byo, uburyo bwo gutunganya ibinyabuzima by’amazi y’amazi bushingiye ku buryo mikorobe ihindura ibintu kama kama mu bintu byoroshye n’ibintu by’ubumara bigahinduka ibintu bidafite ubumara binyuze mu bikorwa bya enzymes. Ukurikije imyuka itandukanye ya ogisijeni ikenerwa na mikorobe igira uruhare mugikorwa cyo kuvura, kuvura ibinyabuzima bishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: kuvura biologiya nziza (ogisijeni) no kuvura ibinyabuzima bya anaerobic (ogisijeni). Uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura ibinyabuzima biri imbere ya ogisijeni, ninshingano ya capillariya nziza yo gukora. Binyuze mubikorwa byabo bwite - okiside, kugabanya, synthesis hamwe nubundi buryo, bagiteri ihindura igice cyibintu byinjiye mu bintu byoroheje kama (CO2, H2O, NO3-, PO43-, nibindi) kugirango babone imbaraga zikenewe kugirango bakure kandi ibikorwa, hanyuma uhindure ikindi gice cyibintu kama muntungamubiri zisabwa n’ibinyabuzima kugirango bikure kandi byororoke. Ubuvuzi bwa Anaerobic bukorwa mugihe habuze ogisijeni hakoreshejwe mikorobe ya anaerobic. Iyo bagiteri ya anaerobic itesha agaciro ibinyabuzima, bakeneye kubona ogisijeni muri CO2, NO3-, PO43- nibindi kugirango bagumane ibyifuzo byabo bya ogisijeni, bityo ibicuruzwa byabo byangirika ni CH4, H2S, NH3 nibindi. Kugira ngo amazi y’amazi akoreshwe n’ibinyabuzima, hagomba kubanza gusesengurwa ibinyabuzima byangiza imyanda ihumanya. Hariho ibintu bitatu: ibinyabuzima bishobora kwangirika, imiterere y’ibinyabuzima, hamwe n’imipaka yemerwa kwibanda ku myanda ihumanya igira ingaruka mbi ku bikorwa bya mikorobe mu mazi y’amazi. Ibinyabuzima byangiza ubuzima bivuga urugero, binyuze mubikorwa byubuzima bwibinyabuzima, imiterere yimiti ihumanya ishobora guhinduka, bityo bigahindura imiterere yumubiri nu mubiri byangiza. Kubuvuzi bwiza bwa gazi bivuga ko bishoboka ko umwanda uhinduka CO2, H2O n’ibinyabuzima na mikorobe ikoresheje metabolite hagati hamwe n’igipimo cy’imihindagurikire y’imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Microorganismes irashobora kubora neza imyanda ihumanya gusa mubihe bimwe na bimwe (imirire, ibidukikije, nibindi). Guhitamo neza kwimirire nibidukikije birashobora gutuma ibinyabuzima byangirika bigenda neza. Binyuze mu bushakashatsi bwo gutunganya ibinyabuzima, birashoboka kumenya intera yibi bihe, nka pH, ubushyuhe, nigipimo cya karubone, azote, na fosifore.
Mu bushakashatsi bw’umutungo w’amazi ukoreshwa, abantu bitondera cyane kuvanaho imyanda ihumanya ya nano-micron. Umwanda wa Nano-micron wanduye mumazi bivuga ibice byiza bifite ubunini buri munsi ya 1um. Ibigize biragoye cyane, nk'amabuye y'agaciro meza y'ibumba, ibinyabuzima ngengabuzima, humus, amavuta n'ibintu bya algae, n'ibindi. ibindi bihumanya hejuru. Ibintu bya Humus na algae mumazi karemano birashobora gukora kanseri ya hydrocarubone ya chlorine hamwe na chlorine mugihe cyo kwanduza chlorine mugutunganya amazi. Kubaho kw’imyanda ihumanya ya nano-micron ntabwo bigira ingaruka zitaziguye cyangwa zishobora kwangiza ubuzima bwabantu, ariko kandi byangiza cyane imiterere y’amazi kandi byongera ingorane zo gutunganya amazi, nko mubikorwa bisanzwe byo gutunganya amazi mabi yo mumijyi. Kubera iyo mpamvu, floc yikigega cyimitsi ireremba hejuru kandi ikigega cyo kuyungurura kiroroshye kwinjira, bigatuma igabanuka ryubwiza bwimyanda ndetse nigiciro cyibikorwa byiyongera. Ubuhanga gakondo bwo kuvura ntibushobora kuvanaho neza imyanda ihumanya ya nano-micron mumazi, kandi tekinoroji yo kuvura nka ultrafiltation membrane na osmose revers iragoye gukoreshwa cyane kubera ishoramari ryinshi nigiciro. Kubwibyo, hakenewe byihutirwa gukora ubushakashatsi no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rishya, rikora neza kandi ryubukungu.
Ibikoresho byo gutunganya
Sisitemu yo gutunganya imyanda yo mu ngo isaba ibikoresho bitandukanye, ibikurikira ni ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gutunganya:
1. Grille: ikoreshwa mugukuraho ibintu binini byamazi mumazi mabi, nkimpapuro, igitambaro, nibindi.
2. Ikigega cyumucanga: gikoreshwa mugukuraho umucanga numucanga nibindi bice bikomeye mumazi mabi.
3. Ikigega cyimyanda: gikoreshwa mubuvuzi bwibanze, ibimera byahagaritswe hamwe nubutaka bwahagaritswe mumazi y’amazi bigwa nuburemere.
4. Ikigega cyo guhumeka ikirere: gikoreshwa mubuvuzi bwibanze, ibintu byahagaritswe mumazi y’amazi bireremba hejuru yibikorwa byinshi, hanyuma bigakurwaho na scraper.
5. Akayunguruzo: kubuvuzi bwibanze, binyuze mumashanyarazi kugirango ukureho ibintu byahagaritswe nibintu kama mumazi mabi
6. Ikigega gikora ibishishwa bikora: bikoreshwa mukuvura hagati, wongeyeho isukari ikora na ogisijeni ikora, kugirango mikorobe ibashe kwangiza ibintu kama mumazi mabi.
7. Anaerobic digester: ikoreshwa mukuvura hagati, binyuze mubikorwa bya mikorobe mugihe cya anaerobic, ibintu kama mumazi mabi bihinduka biyogazi.
8. Imashini ya biofilm: ikoreshwa mukuvura hagati, ibintu kama mumazi mabi byangirika binyuze mubikorwa bya biofilm.
9. Akayunguruzo gakomeye: gakoreshwa mubuvuzi buhanitse kugirango ukureho ibintu kama kama mumazi yanduye ukoresheje itangazamakuru ryungurura 10. Gukoresha karubone yamashanyarazi: ikoreshwa mugutunganya neza kugirango ikure ibintu kama mumazi mabi hamwe na adsorption ya karubone ikora.
11. Ozone oxydeire ya Ozone: kugirango ivurwe neza, binyuze muri okiside ya ozone kugirango ikureho ibintu kama mumazi mabi.
ibisobanuro2