0102030405
Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Kayan Aikin Jiyya na Ruwa na Cikin Gida
Maganin najasa a cikin gida yana nufin kula da najasa da ake samarwa a rayuwar mazauna birane, ta yadda ya dace da ka'idojin fitarwa kuma kada ya haifar da gurɓata muhalli. Muhimmancin kula da najasa a cikin gida a bayyane yake, wanda ke da alaƙa da lafiyar ɗan adam da ci gaba mai dorewa na muhalli.
Da farko dai, najasa a cikin gida ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na kwayoyin halitta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, idan an fitar da su kai tsaye zuwa cikin muhalli, zai haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa ga ruwa. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta za su cinye iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, wanda zai haifar da lalacewar ingancin ruwa da kuma rinjayar rayuwar rayuwar ruwa. Bugu da kari, najasa a cikin gida kuma ya ƙunshi babban adadin nitrogen, phosphorus da sauran sinadarai, idan aka fitar da su a cikin ruwa, zai haifar da ruwan eutrophy mai haifar da furen algae, yana shafar ingancin ruwa da daidaiton muhalli.
Na biyu, najasar gida kuma tana kunshe da abubuwa masu cutarwa iri-iri, kamar su karafa masu nauyi, kwayoyin halitta, ragowar magunguna da sauransu. Idan aka fitar da wadannan abubuwa kai tsaye zuwa cikin muhalli, za su haifar da gurbatar ruwa da kasa, kuma su yi illa ga muhalli da lafiyar dan Adam. Don haka, ingantaccen magani na najasar gida muhimmin ma'auni ne don kare muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam
Bugu da kari, kula da najasa a cikin gida kuma na iya gane amfani da albarkatu. Najasa a cikin gida ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu yawa da sinadarai masu gina jiki, waɗanda za a iya canza su zuwa takin zamani da iskar gas da sauran albarkatu bayan an kula da su yadda ya kamata, ta yadda za a gane sake sarrafa albarkatun da rage cin albarkatun ƙasa.
Ruwan sharar rayuwar yau da kullun, a haƙiƙa, kaɗan ne kawai na sharar ruwan da aka yi amfani da su, kuma galibi ana zubar da su kai tsaye cikin koguna ba tare da an kula da su ba. Ya fi muni a cikin ƙananan garuruwa.
Najasa da sauransu ba a fitar da su kai tsaye ba, amma akwai matakan tattarawa.
Abubuwan da ke cikin gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan datti yana da matukar rikitarwa kuma yana da bambanci, kuma yana da wahala ga kowace hanyar magani don cimma manufar cikakkiyar tsarkakewa, kuma sau da yawa yana ɗaukar hanyoyi da yawa don samar da tsarin jiyya don biyan buƙatun jiyya.
Dangane da digiri daban-daban na jiyya, ana iya raba tsarin kula da ruwa zuwa jiyya na farko, jiyya na sakandare da kuma ci gaba da magani.
Magani na farko yana cire daskararrun daskararru ne kawai a cikin ruwan sharar gida, galibi ta hanyoyin jiki, kuma ruwan da aka yi da shi gabaɗaya ba zai iya cika ka'idojin fitarwa ba.
Don tsarin sarrafawa na sakandare, aikin farko shine pre-processing. Magani na biyu da aka fi amfani da shi shine maganin ilimin halitta, wanda zai iya cire colloidal da narkar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan datti, ta yadda ruwan datti ya dace da ka'idojin fitarwa. Duk da haka, bayan magani na biyu, har yanzu akwai wasu adadin abubuwan da aka dakatar, narkar da kwayoyin halitta, narkar da kwayoyin halitta, nitrogen da phosphorus da sauran abubuwan gina jiki na algae, kuma suna dauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin cuta.
Saboda haka, ba zai iya saduwa da bukatun mafi girma fitarwa matsayin, kamar jiyya a cikin kananan kwarara, matalauta dilution iya aiki na kogin na iya haifar da gurbatawa, ba za a iya kai tsaye amfani da famfo ruwa, masana'antu ruwa da kuma karkashin kasa recharging tushen. Jiyya na uku shine don ƙara cire gurɓatattun abubuwan da ba za a iya cire su ta hanyar jiyya ta biyu ba, kamar su phosphorus, nitrogen da gurɓataccen yanayi, gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke da wahalar ƙasƙantar da ilimin halitta. Tsarin ilimin kimiyyar ruwa na uku hanya ce ta "ci-gaba" da ke kara daukar hanyar sinadarai (sinadarin sinadarai, hazo sinadarai, da dai sauransu) da kuma hanyar jiki da sinadarai (adsorption, musanya ion, fasahar rabuwa da membrane, da sauransu) don cire wasu takamaiman gurɓatattun abubuwa. bisa ga na biyu magani. Babu shakka, kula da ruwa na manyan makarantu yana da tsada, amma yana iya yin cikakken amfani da albarkatun ruwa.
Najasa da ruwan sharar masana'antu da aka fitar zuwa masana'antar sarrafa najasa ana iya magance su ba tare da lahani ba ta amfani da fasahohin rabuwa daban-daban da juzu'i.
Ka'idoji na asali
Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su a masana'antar sarrafa najasa
Yayin aiwatar da maganin najasa, ya kamata mu yi amfani da wakilai masu zuwa:
(1) Oxidant: ruwa chlorine ko chlorine dioxide ko hydrogen peroxide,
(2) Wakilin zubar da kumfa: adadin ya yi kadan;
(3) Flocculant: polyaluminum chloride ko anionic da cationic polyacrylamide, wanda kuma aka sani da anionic pam ko cationic pam,
(4) Rage wakili: ferrous sulfate hydrate da sauransu;
(5) Acid-base neutralization: sulfuric acid, quicklime, caustic soda, da dai sauransu
(6) Abubuwan cire sinadarin phosphorus da sauran wakilai.
Hanyoyin tsaftacewa & dabarun gama gari
Hanyar jiki: cire daskararrun daskararrun da ba za a iya narkewa ba da mai a cikin ruwa mai datti ta hanyar aikin jiki ko na inji; Tace, hazo, centrifugal rabuwa, iyo, da dai sauransu.
Hanyar sinadarai: ƙara abubuwan sinadarai, ta hanyar halayen sinadarai, canza sinadarai ko abubuwan da ke gurɓata ruwa a cikin ruwan datti, ta yadda zai canza yanayin sinadarai ko na zahiri, sannan a cire shi daga ruwan; Neutralization, hadawan abu da iskar shaka, raguwa, bazuwar, flocculation, sinadaran hazo, da dai sauransu.
Hanyar sinadarai ta jiki: yin amfani da cikakken aikin jiki da sinadarai don tsarkake ruwa; Stupping, tsiri, adsorption, hakar, ion musayar, electrolysis, electrodialysis, reverse dialysis, da dai sauransu
Hanyar nazarin halittu: yin amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da iskar oxygen da kuma lalata gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwa mai tsabta zuwa abubuwa marasa lahani, wanda kuma aka sani da hanyar maganin kwayoyin halitta, ita ce hanya mafi mahimmanci don magance ruwa mai tsabta; Kunna sludge, nazarin halittu tace, rai rotary tebur, hadawan abu da iskar shaka kandami, anaerobic narkewa, da dai sauransu.
Daga cikin su, tsarin kula da halittu na ruwa mai datti ya dogara ne akan hanyar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke canza kwayoyin halitta zuwa wani abu mai sauƙi da mai guba zuwa wani abu marar guba ta hanyar aikin enzymes. Dangane da buƙatun iskar oxygen daban-daban na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke taka rawa a cikin tsarin jiyya, ana iya raba jiyya ta ilimin halitta zuwa nau'ikan biyu: iskar gas mai kyau (oxygen) magani na halitta da anaerobic (oxygen) magani na halitta. Kyakkyawan maganin ilimin halittu na iskar gas yana cikin kasancewar iskar oxygen, ta hanyar rawar da ke da kyau na capillaria gas don aiwatarwa. Ta hanyar nasu ayyukan rayuwa - oxidation, raguwa, kira da sauran matakai, ƙwayoyin cuta oxidize wani ɓangare na kwayoyin halitta da aka sha a cikin kwayoyin halitta mai sauƙi (CO2, H2O, NO3-, PO43-, da dai sauransu) don samun makamashi da ake bukata don girma da kuma ci gaba. aiki, da kuma mayar da wani bangare na kwayoyin halitta zuwa abubuwan gina jiki da kwayoyin halitta ke bukata don yin girma da haifuwa. Ana gudanar da jiyya na nazarin halittu na anaerobic a cikin rashin iskar oxygen ta hanyar aikin ƙwayoyin cuta na anaerobic. Lokacin da kwayoyin anaerobic ke lalata kwayoyin halitta, suna buƙatar samun iskar oxygen daga CO2, NO3-, PO43- da sauransu don kula da bukatun kayansu na iskar oxygen, don haka samfuran lalata su ne CH4, H2S, NH3 da sauransu. Don kula da ruwan datti ta hanyar nazarin halittu, ya kamata a fara bincikar lalacewar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan datti. Akwai abubuwa guda uku musamman: biodegradability, yanayin kula da halittu, da iyakacin ƙyalli na gurɓataccen abu wanda ke da tasirin hana ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sharar gida. Biodegradability yana nufin iyakar abin da, ta hanyar ayyukan rayuwa na kwayoyin halitta, za a iya canza tsarin sinadarai na gurɓataccen abu, ta haka ne ke canza sinadarai da kayan jiki na gurɓataccen abu. Don kyakkyawan maganin ilimin halittu na iskar gas yana nufin yuwuwar canza gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu zuwa CO2, H2O da abubuwan halitta ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar tsaka-tsakin metabolites da juzu'in juzu'i na irin wannan gurɓataccen yanayi a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau na iskar gas. Kwayoyin halitta na iya yadda ya kamata su lalata gurɓataccen yanayi kawai a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi (yanayin abinci, yanayin muhalli, da sauransu). Zaɓin daidaitaccen yanayin abinci mai gina jiki da muhalli zai iya sa bazuwar halittu ta ci gaba da tafiya lafiya. Ta hanyar nazarin sarrafa halittu, yana yiwuwa a ƙayyade kewayon waɗannan yanayi, kamar pH, zafin jiki, da rabon carbon, nitrogen, da phosphorus.
A cikin binciken sake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, mutane suna mai da hankali sosai ga kawar da gurɓataccen ƙwayar nano-micron iri-iri. Nano-micron pollutants a cikin ruwa yana nufin ƙananan barbashi masu girman ƙasa da 1um. Su abun da ke ciki ne musamman hadaddun, kamar daban-daban lafiya lãka ma'adanai, roba kwayoyin halitta, humus, mai da algae abubuwa, da dai sauransu Kamar yadda wani m da karfi adsorption karfi, lafiya lãka ma'adanai sau da yawa adsorb mai guba nauyi karfe ions, Organic pollutants, pathogenic kwayoyin cuta da kuma sauran gurbatattun abubuwa a saman. Abubuwan humus da algae a cikin ruwa na halitta na iya samar da sinadarin chlorinated hydrocarbon carcinogens tare da chlorine a cikin aiwatar da lalata chlorine a cikin maganin tsarkakewar ruwa. Kasancewar waɗannan gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin nano-micron ba wai kawai yana da tasiri kai tsaye ko yuwuwar cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam ba, har ma yana lalata yanayin ingancin ruwa sosai kuma yana ƙara wahalar maganin ruwa, kamar a cikin tsarin kulawa na yau da kullun na ruwan datti na birni. A sakamakon haka, ɓangarorin tanki na tanki yana shawagi sama kuma tankin tacewa yana da sauƙin shiga, yana haifar da raguwar ingancin ƙazanta da haɓakar farashin aiki. Fasahar jiyya ta al'ada ba za ta iya kawar da waɗannan gurɓatawar nano-micron cikin ruwa yadda ya kamata ba, kuma wasu fasahohin jiyya na ci gaba kamar ultrafiltation membrane da reverse osmosis suna da wahala a yi amfani da su sosai saboda babban saka hannun jari da tsada. Don haka, akwai buƙatar gaggawa don yin bincike da haɓaka sabbin fasahar sarrafa ruwa mai inganci da tattalin arziki.
Kayan aikin sarrafawa
Tsarin kula da najasa na cikin gida yana buƙatar kayan aiki iri-iri, waɗannan kayan aikin jiyya galibi ana amfani da su:
1. Grille: ana amfani da ita don cire manyan abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa mai datti, kamar takarda, zane, da sauransu.
2. Tankin yashi mai yashi: ana amfani da shi don cire yashi da yashi da sauran tsayayyen barbashi a cikin ruwan sharar gida.
3. Tankin mai lalata: ana amfani da shi don jiyya na farko, daskararrun da aka dakatar da kuma dakatarwar da aka dakatar a cikin ruwa mai datti suna haɓaka ta hanyar nauyi.
4. Tankin flotation na iska: ana amfani da shi don magani na farko, abubuwan da aka dakatar da su a cikin ruwan sharar gida suna ta iyo ta hanyar aikin kumfa, sannan an cire shi ta hanyar scraper.
5. Tace: don magani na farko, ta hanyar matsakaicin tacewa don cire daskararru da aka dakatar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai tsabta
6. Kunna sludge dauki tanki: amfani da matsakaici magani, ta ƙara kunna sludge da oxygen, sabõda haka, microorganisms iya decompress kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai datti.
7. Anaerobic digester: ana amfani da shi don tsaka-tsakin jiyya, ta hanyar aikin ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙarƙashin yanayin anaerobic, kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai tsabta an canza su zuwa biogas.
8. Biofilm reactor: ana amfani da shi don tsaka-tsakin magani, kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai datti yana raguwa ta hanyar aikin biofilm.
9. Tace mai zurfi: ana amfani da shi don ci gaba da magani don cire abubuwan da aka gano daga ruwa mai tsabta ta hanyar watsa labarai ta tace 10. Carbon adsorber mai kunnawa: ana amfani da shi don ci gaba da magani don cire kwayoyin halitta daga ruwan sharar gida ta hanyar adsorption na carbon da aka kunna.
11. Ozone hadawan abu da iskar shaka reactor: domin ci-gaba jiyya, ta hanyar hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ozone don cire kwayoyin abubuwa a cikin ruwa mai datti.
bayanin 2